The Great Depression In Canada During 1920s History Essay

The Great Depression In Canada During 1920s History EssayA recession is when a live has to tighten his belt. A depression is when you have to tighten your own belt. And a panic is when you have no belt to tighten and your pants advert down. Politician an activist, Tommy Douglas.During the 1920s, Canadas economy has boomed majorly after WW1. umpteen great(p) inventions were made, the role of wo custody has changed, and businesses as head as industries, over expanded. However, the prosperity of the 1920s came to a stop consonant on 29 of October, 1929. The major causes of this horrendous time arrest was the over- turnout/over-expansion, dependance on staple products, and primarily the stock commercialise crash. It was a gloomy worldwide frugal crisis in the decade preceding World warfare II.In the decade of the 20s, some(prenominal) industries were expanding. As a result of theses expansions, supplies much(prenominal) as food, minerals, and cars stayed piled. Workers a s well as their families had less money to spend. Consequently, sales deliberated even more. Canadas economy (mainly the west) depended majorly on staple products. This led them to be the life-threateningest expunge regions because they did not have separate things to sell. A major problem Canada had suffered so greatly was because Canadas economy was closely connected to the U.S. As a result, Americans were not in need of Canadas resources. Therefore, Canada stumbled greatly because they were not dependent enough on their own.. Throughout the 1920s, credit buying and buying on margin became more and more popular as new inventions were being made. With added interest digest workforcets many families got themselves hopelessly into debt. umpteen families got themselves desperately in debt without realizing how much they spent. This became a major problem because if the employee or wage owner became sick or was lay off, it would be impossible to pay back the loan. Additionally, ambling on the stock trade became truly popular and common, it was not limited just to those who owned businesses and possessions. As well as average citizens who wanted to get rich fast. The organization was that as soon as the stocks went up in value, they could sell them and pay back the broker and go by the profits. Unfortunately, not all stocks went up, and this lead to the merciless stock market crash.The 20s was certainly a decade of freedom for virtually, and in addition, many incredible products were invented and improved upon. However, a phenomenal depression infatuated at the end of the 1920s, leaving Canada, and many other countries in great despair.When the Depression hit, all split of Canada suffered. However, the onerousest hit region was the West. The financial crisis join with the forces of nature that created dreadful clock for prairie farmers. Alberta and Saskatchewan had experienced severe droughts, and without rain, the crops died. This led to uprigh t low percentages of staple products such as, wheat being sold. In addition, tike income dropped immensely as well. Topsoil was flounced away, and dry wind storms drifted away for hundreds of kilometres. As if this was enough destitution for the West, adding to the devastation were plagues of grasshoppers that infested the crops and a pandemic of wheat decay that demolished the wheat fields. The dirty thirties (an acronym used to describe the uncut times of the 30s) brought major ecological problems mainly to the West. The major adversity was the detritus Bowl.The Dust Bowl was an ecological phenomenon and disaster caused by the misuse of state that affected both, Canada and the United States. The loss of valu subject farmland during the time full stop led many farmers and their families to migrate to other areas that were not as hard hit like Southern parts of Canada, as well as the Atlantic. In 1935, this ecological crisis led to the creation of the Prairie Farm Rehabilitatio n governance (PFRA) that coordinated strategies for reducing soil erosion. In the present day, PFRA works with prairie farmers to keep the agricultural industry and to expand strategies for sharing Canadian lastledge and technologies with the worldwide community.Companies that were producing farming supplies had to cut back production. In turn, this led to layoffs amongst the employees. Additionally, as unemployment rose, fewer people had the luxury to buy other goods such as cars and appliances. Therefore, production in those sectors fell as well. Furthermore, more workers lost their jobs, it was a barbarian cycle.Even though the prairies experienced the most hardship of the Depression, other parts of Canada suffered as well. For British Columbia, fish, lumber, as well as fruit markets were well low. Workers in this particular industry experienced the full effects of the economic downturn as the global demand for resources dried up. Newfoundland was hit hard too. In 1934, New foundland had to submit its government to ask for financial aid from Britain. The industrial heartland of southern Ontario and Quebec experienced unemployment, as mining and forest incomes from exports had dropped. Luckily, their domestic market was protected because of tariffs.Although the 30s brought great grief to many people, not all suffered the equal as others. A few wealthy Canadians benefited from the Depression. Everything was low in value, they were able to but farms, lands, and homes at cheap rates and sell it later on for a higher percentage. As well, many big companies as well as corporations became profitable because they did not have to give it out as many wages, as more and more people were laid off. For most of Canadians, however, minimum wage was the only wage if they had any at all. The casual struggle to maintain the necessities of the family was a huge problem many families faced. conclusion a decent job was even worse. umpteen men sacrificed their lives to mount their family, and keep their dignity.The lack of jobs forcefully made many men to afford their families in search of work. As a result, many rode the rails on top of boxcars or on the rods beneath the cars. When a child move 16, the familys relief was cut. Consecutively, materialisation men left home to reduce the encumbrance on their families. Thousands travelled west for work. When they recognized that there were no opportunities there, they go along on to British Columbia.In Vancouver, they besieged charities, relief unions, along with churches. The worldly-minded party of Bennett set up relief rings to avoid the roaming mass of young unemployed workers. These work and or, relief camps were located in remote areas such as northern Ontario and central British Columbia. Over 200 000 bingle men 18 years and older lived in these camps. Life in these camps was strict and misery. There were regulations for many things. Men worked hard, long hours doing different tasks c utting off trees, moving rocks, and building roads, forcefully all for just 20 cents.Many men slept in crowded auditoriums and ate disgusting, greasy soups and water stews. Many felt that these camps were like living in prison. An 18-year old relief camp worker expressed his melancholy, stating It was jail, you know. What else would you call it? If you thought the army was bad, then you dont know about one of those camps They treated us like dirt. And we werent. We were up against it, broke, tired, peckish Although the terms of the relief camps were unbearable, the young men were still motivated to keep on pushing through to make a living in any way possible. However, the austere life of the camps left many men angry and frustrated. Many workers began to listen to demands for fundamental, social, and economic change articulated by groups like the Communist Party of Canada. During the spring of 1935, thousands of camp workers in British Columbia formed the Relief Camp Workers Union (RCWU). Men went on strike demanding higher wages, better food, clothing, and shelter. In both April and May, the strikers went on to Vancouver. shortly enough, they had launched On-to-Ottawa trek 3 June, 1935. Over 1600 men boarded freight trains to Ottawa to multitude with Prime Minister, R.B Bennett.In Ottawa, Bennett was determined to stop these protestors. On 14 June, Bennett commanded constabulary to stop the progress of the trains at Regina. His tactic was to invite Trek leaders to Ottawa, hoping that their absence in Regina would end the protest peacefully. However, his plan was wrecked because the men found out. Unwillingly, many workers re off-key back to the camps. To Bennett, it was a triumph but near lost his reputation in doing so. With so much economic pressure, citizens turned to politics to solve the global crisis. Canada voted Bennett against former P.M, King. They brought in conservative lawyer, Richard Bennett, hoping that he change the economy for the bette r. Although he set aside millions of dollars for emergency and amplified tariffs on imported products, they did little to overturn the countrys economic losses. Bennetts other plans was to confidently, oppose a new policy that aimed at providing relief and economic recovery. On January 1935, P.M Bennett proclaim his new deal. Bennett made new promises including, including unemployment insurance and a minimum wage. Nonetheless, many Canadians believed it was too late. They slowly started to campaign for the Liberals. Voters chose King back to power with 173 set against the Conservatives with 40 seats.When King returned to power, he found the countrys economy to be very dismal. He did very little trying to undertake unemployment and other dilemmas. Ultimately, the routine World War enhanced the Canadas economy, as well as other countries around the world.In conclusion, the decade of the 1930s brought cruel and rigid times to many Canadians, as well as other nations. This time perio d was the most difficult time Canada had gone through in history. Many people were unemployed, and had very little to eat if no food at all. These truly were gruesome times for most of Canadian citizens.Works Cited paginateOn-to-Ottawa Trek and the Regina Riot. Ww.uregina.ca. Canadian Plains Research Center, University of Regina, Sept. 2006. Web. 6 May 2010. .The Depression. Www.collectionscanada.gc.ca. 4 Oct. 2002. Web. 6 May 2010.

Formulation And Production Of Various Types Of Detergents Biology Essay

homework And Production Of Various Types Of Detergents Biology EssayDetergents argon cleaning agents which tend a in truth alpha role in our daily life. They non only empennage overhaul us to stay c ar, health for our homes and wealth, more(prenominal) thanover to a fault nominate drop our environment more pleasant and expeditious. concord to the contrary functions and usages, purifying can be classified into conglomerate types which be laun teetotal, household, personal and dishwashing cleaning products. in addition that, these different types of purifyings can also be further classified into powder, cake, molten and otherwises depending on their texture form.Among the various types of detersives, the formulation and production of unanimous and liquid laun change detersives argon red to be described by giving examples. Laun prohibitionist detergent is a type of detergent employ to clean and rinse the laun ironical things. disparate kind of detergents willi ng be formulated from different substances in battle array to meet the requirement of cleaning and the manufacturing operation will also be slightly different. Generally, lavation detergents are formulated from six groups of matters which include wetting agents, builders, blanching agenting agents, enzymes, fillers and other minor additives.An example of solid laundry detergent that I would interchangeable to illustrate is a solid laundry detergent containing light constriction silicate common flavour. It was invented by Nigel Patrick Somerville Roberts in 2009.This detergent is formulated from light tightfistedness silicate common salt, purifying surface-active agent, carbonate salt, sulphate salt, phosphate builder, zeolite builder, enzymes and other additives. These formulations are going to be described in detail.This type of detergent contains light density silicate salt that is usually a atomic number 11 silicate salt. This composition is considered to be the mo st important in this detergent because this is a detergent which specially contains light density silicate salt. The light density silicate salt is 1 wt% 40 wt% and has a pot density of less than 200 g/l or cl g/l. Sometimes, the density is even less than 100 g/l. in any case that, it has a lean average particle size of less than three hundred m, 200 m or 100 m. The light density silicate salt can be got from a flash-drying carry through. It has been found that adding the light density silicate salt into other ingredients can make the detergent to be produced through established set processes and even a set of single mixer processes. Besides that, light density silicate salt or sodium silicate salt added acts as a corrosion inhibitor, so it can prevent materials from rusting.Furthermore, the ingredient of the detergent also consists of 5wt% 60 wt% detersive surfactant. Surfactant is an organic compound which can be obtained through a chemical reaction involving fats or anel e as raw materials. Since surfactant has emulsifying, wetting and dispersing properties, it is able to remove horseshit from clothes and keep the scandal suspending on the body of water, so that soil will non stick on the clothes and can be easily rinsed away. There are different types of surfactants which include anionic, cationic, non-ionic, amp fervideric and zwitterionic detersive surfactants. Among these detersive surfactants, anionic detersive surfactant is preferred to be used as surfactant in this detergent. Alkoxylated alcohol sulphate anionis detersive surfactants such(prenominal) as substituted or unsubstituted, linear or branched ethoxylated C12-18 alcohol sulphates, linear unsubstituted C10-13 alkyl group group radical group benzene sulphonates, alkyl sulphates, alkyl sulphonates, alkyl phosphates, alkyl phosphonates and alkyl carboxylates are suitable to be anionic detersive surfactants. Besides anionic detersive surfactant, cationic detersive surfactants suc h as mono-C6-18alkyl mono-hydroxyethyl di-methyl quaternary ammonium ion chlorides, mono-C8-10alkyl mono-hydroxyethyl di-methyl quaternary ammonium chloride, mono-C10alkyl mono-hydroxyethyl di-methyl quaternary ammonium chloride and mono-C10-12alkyl mono-hydroxyethyl di-methyl quaternary ammonium chloride, and non-ionic detersive surfactants such as C12-18alkyl ethoxylated alcohols and C8-18alkyl alkoxylated alcohols whitethorn also be added into the solid laundry detergent. Although surfactant is non effective in hard water, its detergent property is also half(prenominal) in soft water.In addition, one of the ingredients include in the solid laundry detergent is builders. Builders are used to remove magnesium and atomic number 20 ions which are throw in the hard water or soils, so that the quantity of surfactant added to execute the detersive action can be reduced. Some builders can also prevent magnesium and calcium salts from set up on the clothes. In this kind of solid lau ndry detergent, 0 wt% to 30 wt% phosphates and 0 wt% to 5 wt% zeolite builders are used. If the component of the detergent which has a precise good environmental profile is desired, then phosphate builders are preferred. On the other hand, if the composition of the detergent is desired to be highly water soluble and transparent wash liquor, then zeolite builders are favoured. Therefore, depending on different requirement, different type of builders is needed. Phosphate builders include sodium tripolyphosphate whereas zeolite builders consist of zeolite A, zeolite P, zeolite X and zeolite MAPMoreover, the detergent also interprets from 0 wt% 50wt% of carbonate salts to maintain the alkalinity. atomic number 11 carbonate and sodium bicarbonate can be used, but in that locationof, sodium carbonate is more preferred. In order to enabling the adjustment of the active matter in the laundry detergent to the amount used, 0 wt% 40 wt% of sulphate salt such as sodium sulphate in powder ize form is also added. The sodium sulphate which is a filler product can also be used to dilute powdered detergent.Solid laundry detergent also formulated from bleaching agent which is used to remove immovable soil and guarantee sanitation by kill bacteria through an oxidation reaction. It is usually carried out by peroxygen germ such as sodium percarbonate salt is more preferred. Besides that, bleach activator such as tetraacetyl ethylene diamine, imide bleach activator such as N-nonanoyl-N-methyl acetamide, oxybenzene sulphonate bleach activator such as nonanoyl oxybenzene sulphonate, caprolactam bleach activator, polymeric carboxylates and preformed per astringents may also be added in order to activate the bleaching agents.Enzymes such as amylases, cellulases, lipases, carbohydrases, proteases, laccases, oxidases, peroxidases, pectate lyases and mannanases are also added into the detergent to catalyse the degradation of soils and then help the elimination. Some minor additiv es like suds suppressing systems, fluorescent whitening agents, photobleach, textile-softening agents, flocculants, dishonor transfer inhibitors, fabric integrity components, soil dispersants and soil anti-redeposition aids, anti-redeposition components, smell, dyes, sulphamic acid and citric acids are also added in small quantities to efficaciously improve the particularized washing properties.In order to produce solid laundry detergent, there are three different ways which are dry coalesce or melder process, agglomeration and spray drying process. Among these three methods, dry mixing and agglomeration are more common. For dry mixing or blender process which is a manufacturing method used to blend dry raw materials, all ingredients are firstly loaded into either ribbon blender or stunting blender. Ribbon blender is cylinder-shaped and blades are fitted inside the blender to scratch and blend ingredients together, whereas tumbling blender is a box with rectangular- shaped a nd it is twisted and shaked from exterior by a machine. When all the ingredients of detergents have been blend uniformly in the blender, a gateway at the bottom of the machine will be opened and the powdered mixture will then released through a conveyor belt or other channelling device to a short letter where the detergents can be packed into boxes or cartons and then transported to the market.For the second method, agglomeration process, initially, dry compositions which have been placed into the Shuggi agglomerator are mixed and sheared equally into amercement particles by sharp and rolling blades in the agglomerator. Then, liquid compositions are sprayed onto the dry mixture through nozzles which are on the agglomerators wall after the dry compositions have been mixed uniformly in the agglomerator. A liquid mixture formed is hot and viscous because exothermic reaction occurs when mingle process continues. Then, the liquid flows out from the agglomerator and accumulates on a drying belt. Drying belt contains a hot air blower which makes the liquid easier to be crushed. Finally, it is crushed and pushed through surface screen to prevent unmixed large particles from being formed originally detergents are transported to the market. High density powdered detergents are produced.Spray drying process is also known as slurry method. Firstly, all dry and liquid ingredients are mixed together to form a slurry in a tank car which is called crutcher. The heated slurry is pumped and blown into a rear through nozzles in order to form small droplets. High pressure is applied in the tower to force the droplets from the top of the spray tower to the bottom. Once the slurry dries, blank granules formed will be collected in the bottom of the tower and then screened to get a standard size. After the beads of the dry detergents are cooled, heat sensitive materials such as enzyme, bleaching agent and perfume are added and finally they are collected for packaging. Since the technology nowadays is more advanced compared to last time, air inside the granules can be effectively reduced and higher density solid detergent can be formed through this method.Another type of detergent that I am going to describe is liquid laundry detergent. This detergent will be illustrated by an example which is known as liquid laundry detergent containing cationic hydroxyethyl cellulose polymer. It is invented by Peter Gerard Gray, Karel Jozef Maria Depoot, Luc Marie Willy, Lievens, Falke Elisabeth Vanneste and Serge Omer Alfons Jean Thoof in 2008. This detergent which is good for washing delicate fabrics is formulated from cationic hydroxyethyl cellulose polymer, surfactant, fatty acid, enzyme which is cede of cellulytic activity, builder and other additives.This liquid laundry detergent contains about 0.05%-0.4%, by weight of the composition, of cationic hydroxyethyl cellulose polymer. Besides that, the cationic hydroxyethyl cellulose polymer has a more sooner 0.01 0.10 degree of substitution of cationic charge, as well as, molecular weight of about 200000 800000. The cationic hydroxyethyl cellulose has repeating substituted anhydroglucose units and the anhydroglucose units may be substituted by alkyl groups. Moreover, to avoid lumps formation when adding water into it at ambient temperature, the cationic hydroxyethyl cellulose polymer can be cross-linked with dialdehyde like glyoxyl. The purpose of adding cationic hydroxyethyl cellulose polymer is actually to provide fabric care advantages to laundered textiles when it is combined with surfactant and fatty acid.Furthermore, surfactant is one of the ingredients added into the liquid laundry detergent. More preferably, the detergent contains 7% -15%, by weight of the compositions, of surfactant. The surfactant must comprise at least one anionic surfactant such as alkyl ethoxylate sulphate and linear straight reach alkyl benzene sulphonates, and at least one non-ionic surfactant such as polyhy droxy fatty acid amides. The suitable anionic surfactants include the soluble salts, especially alkali metal and ammonium salts of organic sulphuric reaction products.The liquid laundry detergent also consists of 2% 15%, 2% -10% or 2.5% 7%, by weight of the composition, of fatty acid. The fatty acid used in the detergent is saturated and unsaturated with 8 24 or 12 18 carbon atoms. Besides that, the detergent is significantly free of optical brighter. This means that the amount of optical brighter must not be detectable, so the detergent must contains less 0.0001% of optical brighter. The optical brighter can be used to improve the appearance of colour of fabrics and make the fabric look cleaner, but it will cause allergic, so it is not added into the detergent.Moreover, enzymes which are substantially free of cellulytic activity are also included in the liquid laundry detergent at the sufficient amount, such as protease, amylase, lipase and others. The concentration of enzym es containing cellulytic activity must be less than 0.0001% or even in the undetectable quantity. This is because there may be cellulase present in those enzymes and it will hydrolyze the cationic hydroxyethyl cellulose polymer that provides fabric care benefits. Thus, indirectly, the benefits of this detergent will be damaged. Nevertheless, if this type of enzyme is required, then sufficient amount of cellulase inhibitor including enzyme modify system can be added to stop the action of cellulase towards the cationic hydroxyethyl cellulose polymer.The compositions of the detergent may also consist of 0.1% 80%, by weight of the composition, of builder. The builders comprise either phosphate salt or organic and inorganic non-phosphorus builders. extreme non-phosphorus builders which are water soluble include carboxylate, polycarboxylate, polyhydroxy sulphonates, different alkali metals, ammonium and substituted ammonium polyacetates. While inorganic non-phosphorus builders consist of aluminosilicates, borates, silicates and carbonates.In addition, the liquid laundry detergent also contain extra compositions such as opacifying agents, soil release polymers, suds suppressors, chelants, performance boosting polymers, dye transfer inhibiting polymers, stabilizers, viscosity modifiers, preservatives, structurants, citric acid, as well as benefit agent containing delivery particles. These surplus ingredients are used to enhance the properties of the detergent.To manufacture the liquid laundry detergents, the very first step is to choose right raw materials by depending on the factors, such as cost, human and environmental safety, as well as the specific properties that we desired in the final product. In this process, continuous blending is required. Dry ingredients are mixed with liquid ingredients which include water rootage and solubilizers. Solubilizers are added to ensure stability and evenness of the final product. Then, they are blended evenly to form a mi xture by using unmoving or in-line mixers. Besides that, in order to produce a more concentrated liquid laundry detergent, a new high capacity mixing process combined with stabilizing agents can used.

The economic problems faced by Hindustan Unilever Limited

The economic problems set intimately by Hindustan Unilever expressThe problems that Hindustan Unilever special(a) currently facing is change magnitude stimulation make ups and operations comprises due to rise in knife desire material costs, increasing imitative and meretricious products, and stiff competition from otherwise FMCG players.There is slowdown in the global economy and the problem that started in the financial sector extended rapidly to other sectors affecting non only the US but the global economy. Most of Indias domestic sectors are in addition affected including countrys exports carrying out and FMCG sectors.There is an unprecedented volatility in raw materials price contributed great(p)ly by increasing crude coer prices. Unprecedented volatility in raw materials price associated with uncertainties in the commodities motility indispensablenesss a desperate massive-awake management in the FMCG companies. Although umteen companies managed to do wel l categories like detergents met diminish sales.Hindustan Unilever Limited has a large scar portfolio consisting number of fools. It ordain be uncontrollable to manage such(prenominal) extended soil portfolio by any phoner but it is the constitution of FMCG industry and attach to. The current global scenario with swinging raw material prices and fierce competition faced by the company needs a superintendful management.Major issues or problemsThe problem that the company is facing for long quantify is the increasing imitative products. The popularity of the HULs brand and the reach it possess drives the local manufactures to follow the products leading some to produce even the fake products. The fake products are seen highly in rural markets. This greatly affects the brand equity of the HUL.The company is facing increasing input costs due to ontogeny in price of the raw materials. There is a potential impact on the company due to rising inflation, freight costs and raw materials.Hindustan Unilever Limited is facing tough competition than years before from ITC, Procter Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive, Nestle and Godrej. ITC is competing toughly with HUL by dint of various brands that are market leaders. The competition is further step up by several revolutionary entrants. This intensified competition already witnessed by HULs losing market care in certain segments and also increase in operation costs.STRATEGY FORMULATIONStrategic alternativesThe strategic alternatives for HUL to address the issues of increasing input costs and operations costs due to rise in raw material costs, increasing imitative and spurious products, and stiff competition from other FMCG players are,Leverage and Proliferation of brand portfolioCompetitive priceCost economic initiativesLeverage and proliferation of brand portfolioHUL has take a leaked reputation of meeting customer needs through various products in antithetical segments. HUL has strong supply mountain range and distribution network meeting customer needs. This gives competitive return for HUL over its competitors. The proliferation of brand portfolio ordain protect customers especially in rural markets from purchasing spurious products. HULs product of different brand in same category pull up stakes back the revenue generating brand from imitative products.Competitive pricingHindustan Unilever Limited facing stiff competition from organized as well as unorganized players in the industry. This is an industry where buyers gravel numerous selection of brand to shift one brand to another brand if not affordable. arise inflation in the country makes the companies to increase the price of their product. Competitive pricing will get the local manufactures and organized players on their feet.Cost expeditious initiativesIncrease in the raw material price and uncertainties in the trade good movement rises the operation costs of the company. The company is in desperate need to do some ini tiatives like cutting down the advertisement cost and also to cut down the cost in its operation sooner than worrying about the increase in raw material price. resource EvaluationLeverage and proliferation of brand portfolioLeveraging and proliferation of brand portfolio by introducing new brands will help the company to compete with the spurious products and competitors brands by providing the customers a variety of brand in the same category. This will prevent the customers from displacement to imitative products and competitor brands thereby retaining the customers. Hindustan Unilever Limited has a competitive advantage of robust supply chain and distribution network. This will help the new brand in reaching the customers effectively. The disadvantage is that the company will have various brands in the same category which may make difficult to manage them.Competitive pricingThis strategy of competitive or decreasing the price of companys product will not to efficient. The compa ny is dealing with increase in input and operation costs. Reducing the price of the products will accrue the profit margin. Moreover it will start the price war in the industry which is not good for the company as well as to the industry. Most of the HULs market leader brands are being closely track by its competitors with only slight difference in the market share and lot of local products. Also, in many categories in oral, skin care segments the competitors are having market leader brands with strong foothold. Initiating the price war will have a drastic impact on all the segments also will not increase the profit margin.Cost efficient initiativesThe cost efficient initiative like reducing cost over advertisement and reducing the operation cost will help the company to gain competitive advantage in its operations. However FMCG industry requires consistent advertisements and promotional effects to stay in the minds of customers. Cutting down the expense on advertisement will let the competitor to gain advantage over HUL in reaching the customers mind. Also the organization so-and-sonot do much about the increasing raw material cost where they have a choice of only optimizing the procurement procedures.Alternative choiceLeverage and proliferation of brand portfolio is the optimal choice to address the problems that the company is facing. HUL has a competitive advantage of possessing many strong brands with robust supply chain and distribution network. They have a strong resource that they can allocate to proliferate the brand that can cover different market segments at different price points. This will prevent the price wars as it will give consumers a round-eyed choice of brands that can cover different market segments at different price points and simultaneously retain the customers from shifting to competitors brands. This will give wide choice to customers and back the revenue generating brands from its competitors. This is an industry which is diffic ult to retain the customers. So it is risky to go head on head with the competitors with revenue generating brands. Proliferation of brand will increase the volume growth and profit margin.STRATEGY executionHUL will not require any culture or geomorphological changes in the organization to implement the strategy. The organization with its robust supply chain and distribution network will help the brand to reach the customers like other brands.Immediate action planThe company has to first grade the strong performing and revenue generating brands from the non-performing brands. It is important to de stipulationine brand relevancy and assessing the key competitors in the category.Short term action planThe company has to decide the segments in which they have proliferate the brand portfolio. A interrogation has to be conducted to analyze the performance of existing brand and that of the competitors brand.Long term action planAfter determining the category they need a well designed p erforming monitoring system to analyze the performance of brands before and after the introduction of new brand.

The bystander effect

The bystander makeAnd of carcass We Are Created, written by Isabel Allende, explores what social psychologists refer to as the bystander effect. In the story, Azucena is a little lady friend who is trapped in the bog waste, and pauperisations c be if she is to survive. duration the lady friend suffers and was filmed by countless reporters, no angiotensin converting enzyme positively comes to save her. The reporters are more concerned with filming the lady friend than with saving her feel. The bystander effect is a psychological phenomenon where persons are less li equal(predicate) to lend assistance in an emergency agency when other actuallyity are present than when they are al cardinal (Myers, 463). without the story, Allende uses voyeurism as a critical dramatic device as she connects Eva Luna to Rolf and Azucena. Through the interactions among the characters, Allende is fit to investigate how voyeurism can lead to social impassibility and act as a desensitizer in a crisis.Allendes And of Clay We Are Created describes how a innkeeper of reporters and cameramen become desensitized and apathetic towards Azucena as she is dying a pr flushtable death. The situation clearly characterizes the bystander effect. Studies by John Darley, a social psychologist at Princeton University, Allan I. Teger, and Lawrence D. Lewis, his colleagues, show this psychological phenomenon in the laboratory. The most common explanation of this phenomenon is that, the more hoi polloi present, the more likely the individual observer will pass absent the responsibility to service the victim, unfortunately believing that there is destined to be some nonpareil who is helping al hold or is going to help short (Darley, Lewis, and Teger 395). As more reporters arrive on the scene, each individual reporter get holds less obliged to actually, help the girl. Although in the story Allende does mention, Soldiers and volunteers had arrived to rescue the living, the lect urer is made aware that much of the rescue effort is ineffective and clunky (47).In this way, Allende poignantly criticizes the organization for non responding appropriately, when she insinuates out geologists had set up their seismographs weeks before and knew that the mountain had awakened again (47). She goes on to say that the geologists had predicted that the realityia of the eruption could detach the eternal ice from the slopes of the volcano, but no iodine cauti bingled their warnings (Allende 47). The immediate thought that strikes the lecturer is that this comp allowely ghastly episode could shoot been thwarted entirely if altogether the villagers had been either directly forewarned or compensate forced to relocate by the authorities. Interestingly, Allende searchs to point out that the villagers themselves did not heed the warnings of the geologists, perhaps to mitigate any doomed on the government and the media.Adding to the thwarting and ignorance, the lea ders of the government and military are unable and/or grudging to help secure a pump that could hand drained the bollocks water, which could move over effectively saved the little girls life. Although it is granted that Azucena is not the totally person in dire need of rescuing, the fact that she became the symbol of the disaster (47) while neer receiving help is really heartbreaking. Instead, the entire world mustiness come across the girl die a slow, agonizing death in front of the cameras. What makes the situation so horrifying is that this yett closely parallels an actual resultant that occurred in Columbia in 1985 (Picture power). A volcano had erupted (as in the story), and vomited debris and catalyzed mudslides that engulfed the towns airless the mountain. A photojournalist who proceeded to take her photograph, which made headlines through and throughout the world, lay down a 13-year-old girl. Many who saw the photographs were appalled how applied science had be en able to pick up her image for all time and transmit it around the globe, but was unable to save her life (Picture power). In fact, Allende seems to explicitly question the integrity and appraise of human technology as she describes how more television and movie teams arrived with spools of cable, tapes, film, videos, precision lenses, recorders, sounds consoles, lights, reflecting sieves, auxiliary motors, cartons of supplies, electricians, sound technicians, and cameramen, yet how they were not able to secure one life-saving pump (50). It is almost unbelievable how so much advanced technology and machines are brought to film the disaster as opposed to the amount of materials and supplies that are needed to help save the victims of the calamity. Allende is almost begging someone to help the girl as Rolf keeps pleading for a pump (50).Allende also masterfully foreshadows that the attempt to save Azucenas life will inevitably fail as she tells how anyone attempting to reach her was in danger of sinking themselves (48). When a rope is thrown to the girl, she tries to grab the rope, but ends up sinking deeper into the mud (Allende, 48). At this point, the reader must also ask whether Azucena actually wants to be saved. She must have been in the mud for some time now, and the pain and shock would have been eating away at her will to survive. In fact, when the rope is thrown at her, she makes no effort to catch the rope (Allende, 48). Has Allende doomed Azucena to death already? For a while, the reader is feedn little rays of hope that the girl will eventually be rescued and that there will be a happy ending, but in all honesty, most of the signs point toward certain death for the girl. Another attempt to rescue her by tie a rope beneath her arms is also thwarted when the girl cries out in pain from them pulling on the rope (Allende, 48). She is stuck in the mud and is only kept from being totally consumed by the mud when she is given a tire as a life sw im (Allende, 48).Allende skillfully blends fact and fiction, by creating her own stories from events that have transpired in the actually world. She creates characters that tell a gripping story, and become very believable. In the story, Rolf is a reporter who finds Azucena, the girl trapped in the mud and debris. Samuel Amago, a literary critic paternity in the Latin American Literary Review, asserts that Rolf tries to give Azucena the inspiration to live while the im individual(prenominal) television cameras look on without helping (54). He has become battle-tested through his work as Allende explains For years, he had been a familiar figure in newscasts, reporting live at the scene of battles and catastrophes with awesome tenacity. Nothing could stop himit seemed as if nothing could succuss his fortitude or deter his curiosity. Fear seemed never to touch him, although he was not a courageous man, far from it. (47)Through Azucenas struggle, he ends up undergoing a personal tran sformation by abandoning his aloof stance as a reporter that had served him so rise up in previous episodes, and by passionately embracing the girls fate personally.This is where voyeurism comes into play. This is not the kind of voyeurism confined only to the sexual fetish of receiving gratification from observing a sexual occurrence or object, but as Elizabeth Gough, a literary critic writing in the Journal of Modern Literature, states that it also includes any kind of intense, occult or distant gazing (93). Eva Luna is not physically present with Rolf and Azucena, but she is able to see everything that is occurring through the news. She is in a way, spying on the cardinal people. The intensity of her gazing is noticeable as the reader finds that Eva is arousedly, committed as she witnesses the events on television.The first aspect of voyeurism we find is the camera in the story. Rolf is a reporter and sees everything through a lens. Allende describes how the lens of the camer a had a strange effect on him it was as if it transported him to a different time from which he could watch events without actually participating in them (47-48). The mechanical tailoring of the cameras rolling as a human life is slowly failing portrays the media as impersonal, cold, and heartless. To Rolf, the camera lens acted like a desensitizer and promoted a sense of separation between Rolf and his surroundings so that while he was physically at the scene, his legal opinion was in another safe, secure place. Eva Luna realizes that for Rolf, the fictive distance between the lens and the real world seemed to protect him from his own emotions (321). Rolf had erected a psychological self-defense mechanism in response to his traumatic experiences as a young child. His trauma mostly stems from his guilt for not protecting his sister, Katharina, from their abusive father. Allende suggests that Rolf could not forgive himself for not saving his sister, but through his efforts to save Azucena- and through his subsequent emotional revelations- he could finally weep for her death and for the guilt of having abandoned her (328). Through this act of acceptance, Rolf finally realizes that all his life he had been taking base hit behind a lens to test whether reality was more decent from that perspective (Allende 328). Allende suggests that Rolfs voyeuristic approach to life had led to shallow achievement as a reporter, and weakened his ability to trust his own emotions as well as other valet de chambre. Why else did it take him so retentive to accept that Azucena was going to die? It was because he was too afraid to feel the pain of loss again, just like when he lost his sister. maven of the most memorable turning points in the story occurs when Azucena helps Rolf break down his emotional barriers and to come to terms with own past. Azucena accomplishes this not by communicativeise much, but by listening to Rolfs stories until he could not hold hold the unyiel ding floodgates that had contained Rolf Carles past (Allende, 327). In a classic reversal of roles, Azucena takes on the nurturing role of the heavy(p) during Rolfs weak and vulnerable moments. Allende portrays Rolfs grow as an uncaring, pivotal woman who would not give him emotional support or even to dry his tears (329). Azucena is the one who tells Rolf not to cry, something a traditional mother figure would have done (Allende 329).Voyeurism is also evident when Eva Luna, Rolfs lover, watches all that occurs in the news on television. The physical distance between Eva and Rolf is palpable, as Allende explains through Eva Many miles away, I watched Rolf Carle and the girl on a television screen (324). Nonetheless, through the story we are made aware that Eva and Rolf are intangibly bound together. The reader is leave in the similar plight of Eva we see earthy disasters and tragedy through the eyes of the media. Therefore, in a sense, the media helps desensitize humans to real tragedies that occur by providing a fictive, safe distance for its viewers. This is just now the reason why actually experiencing something can leave a truly lasting impression whereas seeing something on television can seem obscure and impartial.However, in the story, this fictive distance actually fuels the reality of what is natural event at the disaster scene to Eva. For Eva, it is as if she is physically present at the disaster with Rolf and Azucena. The images on the television help her visualize what Rolf is seeing and even thinking at each precise moment, time of sidereal day by hour (Allende 326). It is indeed surprising and remarkable how Allende portrays the attachment of Eva to Rolf even though Eva is exceptional to the impersonal medium of television to keep in touch with her lover. Allende explains that Eva was near Rolfs world and she could at least get a feeling of what he lived through (324). She further clarifies that while the screen reduced the disaster to a single plane and accentuated the tremendous distance that separated Eva from Rolf Carle nonetheless, she was there with him (324). Eva and Rolf were connected in mind as well, as Eva was able to overhear the verbal ex varietys between Rolf and Azucena to the point where she was present with them (Allende 326). Although it can be argued that Eva is much more personally connected and involved than the general reader is to the situation at the site of the catastrophe, the reader is drawn into the conflict and struggle by the personal narrative of Eva. The reader is told the story through Evas perspective, and thus we are left with an impression that is comparable to the storyteller. The voyeurism goes many ways.Compounding this idea of long-distance interconnectedness is how Allende ties Eva to Azucena, in addition to Rolf. Through Rolfs interplay with Azucena, Eva is hurt by the girls every suffering, and feels Rolfs licking and impotence (Allende 324). The three are enjoined toget her in a quaint love triangle. Rolf tells Azucena that he loves her more than he loved his mother, more than his sister, more than all the women who had slept in his arms, more than he loved Eva, his life blighter (Allende 330). Of course, he does not mean Eros love, the kind between adult men and women, but a more intrinsically human one of neighborly love and goodwill. Eva, in her turn, expresses her love for Rolf and Azucena when she admits that she would have given anything to be trapped in that well in her place, and would have exchanged her life for Azucenas (Allende 330). We are then forced to analyze whether the voyeuristic qualities of the media affects the different types of love shown in the story. For the most part, the media helps Eva to express stronger love for Rolf and to become connected to Azucena, whom she had never met. Without the media, Eva would never have known what had happened at the disaster as well as the identity of the little girl who had tremendously affected Rolf. For Rolf, his initial voyeurism through the lens of the camera had acted as a desensitizer and emotional barricade, and when face up with the crisis, his love for Azucena is bolstered as he comes to realize he must let go of his past and obligingly accept the situation. However, Rolfs love for Eva seems to have taken a hit after he returns from his ordeal (Allende 331).A acidulated question one is forced to ask is what or who exactly Allende is blaming in her story, or if she is even blaming someone or something in particular for Azucenas death. While it is clear that Rolf definitely undergoes a psychological metamorphosis, we cannot logically assume that this change is for the better. The end of the story suggests that Rolf will never be the same man again, but that he will eventually heal (Allende 331). Eva hopes that one day when Rolf returns from his nightmares, they shall be the happy couple they used to be (Allende 331). However, the ending suggests that for Rolf, the incident was as traumatic as his initial trauma as a child. Rolf is not free from his past, as Eva would like him to be. In fact, although he is freed from his childishness trauma, he is still haunted by his failure to save Azucena. maybe Allende is suggesting that emotional healing can only occur when the victim is ready to be healed.Then is Allende blaming the media for Azucenas death? Alternatively, is she pointing out the gross inability of the government to intervene swiftly and to protect its citizens? Probably, a bit of both. The media is clearly represent in a heartless, cold manner. Why did anyone not helped? Nevertheless, if any one thing is to be blamed, it should be the society where this incident occurred. Allende seems to be ambitious the ineptitude and unpreparedness of the government and its leaders for not mustering the resources and courage to save the girl. The villagers are also criticized as unheeding fools who only brought the calamity upon thems elves by not listening to the geologists. This makes it hard to blame anyone at all. Perhaps Allende is suggesting that it is unnecessary to blame anyone, but rather to calmly accept what happened, just as Azucena does in the end. One thing is though that Allende does not approve of the social apathy that permeates throughout the story, and claims that it was the unwillingness to help that ultimately kills Azucena. This makes us wonder, just how hazardous it can be to remain a bystander, instead of actively assisting those who need our help.ReferenceAmago, Samuel. Isabel Allende and the postmodern literary tradition A reconsideration of Cuentos de Eva Luna. Latin American Literary Review 28.56 (Jul-Dec 2000) 43-61.Darley, John M., Allan I. Teger, and Lawrence D. Lewis. Do Groups Always get over Individuals Responses To Potential Emergencies? Journal of Personality and Social psychology 26.3 (1973) 395-399.Gough, Elizabeth (2004). Vision and divergence Voyeurism in the Works of I sabel Allende.Journal of Modern Literature,27(4),93-120. Retrieved May 2, 2010, from Research Library. (Document ID801683111).Myers, David G. (2010). Social Psychology (10th Ed.). Boston McGraw-HillPicture power Tragedy of Omayra Sanchez. BBC News 30 Sept. 2005. Retrieved April 17, 2010 from http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4231020.stm.Rubenstein, R. Larson, C. (2002). Worlds of fiction (2nd Ed.). Isabel Allende, And of Clay Are We Created, 46-52. Upper weight River Prentice Hall

Effects Of The Financial Crisis On Iceland Economics Essay

Effects Of The fiscal Crisis On Iceland Economics EssayThe re unrestricted of Iceland is the sm wholeest deliverance within the Organization for Economic Cooperation and discipline (OECD) with a clear house servantated product ( uncouth domestic product) in 2007 of close $11.8billion. The Icelandic economy has been found on marine and energy resources. More recently, Iceland has developed a actually strong service sector, which accounts for two-thirds of the economical output. Since the start of the decade i.e. from 2000, Iceland has experienced oddly strong growth in its pecuniary services sector. Trade accounts for a large sh be of Icelands GDP, with imports score for 46% in judge and exports accounting for 35% in nurse of goods and services of GDP.Icelands main export full stop was fish and new(prenominal) marine products until the family 2006, when Iceland began to capitalize on its exuberant thermal energy resources to produce and export aluminum. A combi ter ra firma of economic factors oer the early to mid-2000s led to Icelands current economic and banking distress. In deducticular, rile to easy credit, a boom in domestic construction that furnish rapid economic growth and a broad deregulation of Icelands pecuniary sector spurred the banks to expand rapidly abroad and blushtually played a role in the eventual m anetary collapse. Iceland do gooded from favorable global fiscal conditions that reduced the cost of credit and a sweeping liberalization of its domestic financial sector that spurred rapid growth and encouraged Icelands banks to spread readily throughout Europe.The 2008-2010 Icelandic financial crisis was a major ongoing economic crisis in Iceland that involved the collapse of all cardinal of the untaughts major banks (Kaupthing, Landsbanki, Glitnir) avocation their difficulties in refinancing their short-term debt and a run on deposits in the get together Kingdom. Relative to the size of its economy, Icelands bank ing collapse was the largest suffered by any untaught in economic history of the world. This was the main reason wherefore Iceland had to suffer so much in the crisis.Commenting on the need for emergency measures, Prime cu judge Geir Haarde verbalize on 6 October 2008, There was a rattling corporeal danger that the Icelandic economy, in the worst case, could be sucked with the banks into the whirlpool and the termination could have been national bankruptcy. He in addition provinced that the actions dartn by the organisation had ensured that the Icelandic state would not actually go bankrupt. At the force out of the second seat 2008, Icelands external debt was 9.553 trillion Icelandic krnur (50 billion), to a greater extent than 80% of which was held by the banking sector. This value comp atomic number 18s with Icelands 2007 gross domestic product of 1.293 trillion krnur (8.5 billion). The assets of the three banks taken under the chasten of the FME totaled 14.437 tri llion krnur at the oblite grade of the second quarter 2008.MONETARY attain _or_ formation of regimenM unitytary polity is the process a the government, primordial bank, or pecuniary authority of a country uses to control (i) the proviso of money, (ii) availability of money, and (iii) cost of money or pasture of elicit to get a set of objectives oriented towards the growth and stability of the economy.Monetary theory therefore provides insight into how to craft optimal monetary policy. Monetary policy is contrasted with financial policy, which refers to government borrowing, pass and taxation.During the financial crisis, Icelands monetary policy credibility had been very seriously damaged. Unsatisfactory flash outcomes had already undermined the credibility of the monetary frame figure, even before the financial crisis started and, consequently, puffiness expectations were poorly anchored.Icelandic economists had said that due to the huge impact of the crisis, rebuil ding the credibility was likely to take time, and also maintaining it might be very difficult.However, afterward the crisis, the Monetary polity Committee (MPC) had voted to lower the rally posit interest pass judgment by 0.5 %. By supporting the interest drift cut, it turn over to the appreciation of the krona in alternate weighted terms.As in the ISLM Model, a step-down in the interest evaluate leads to an increase in the money supply. Therefore, this has lead to an expansionary monetary policy, as the interest appraises were lowered, and also the MPC supported or voted for lower interest rates.MONETARY POLICY chartThe above chartical record shows the shift in the LM towards right, which has lead to an expansion in the LM curve. Since the MPC voted for a lower interest rates , the money supply was increase. Therefore, the LM curve shifts from LM1 to LM2, leading to an expansionary of the monetary policy.FISCAL POLICYIn economics, fiscal policy stinkpot be defined as the use of government expenditure and revenue collection to influence the economy. Fiscal policy refers to the overall effect of the budget outcome on economic activity. There argon three possible stances of fiscal policyNeutral stance, which implies a balance budget where, govt. disbursement = Tax RevenueExpansionary stance, increase in the govt. spend and reduction in tax revenueContractionary stance, decrease in the govt. spending and increase in tax revenueDuring the financial crisis, there was an increase government debt. Due to the time out and rising debt servicing costs, the public shortage was projected to be above 10% of GDP in 2009, adding to the public debt burden.As a result, a considerable fiscal consolidation was therefore needed to put public finances defend on a sustainable path and to pave the road for a successful euro-argona entry. It was also important to reduce the deficit vigorously in the coming course of instructions, so that the country can reach th e goal of balance.In vagabond to take govern the deficit, the government of Iceland had the option of tax increases as well as spending cuts, it then trenchant to opt for the former as they were easier to introduce immediately.The first point for the tax increases would have been to reverse tax cuts implemented over the boom twelvemonths, further Iceland could no longer afford. This would involve the increase in the personal income tax and also lift the reduced rate of bathing tub (Value Added Tax).This planned fiscal consolidation, would involve measures which would help to contain the expenditures.FISCAL POLICY GRAPHThe above graph, shows the shift in the IS curve towards left, which leads to the contraction of the IS curve. Since the govt. decided to reduce their expenditure and increase the taxation, in order to consolidate the fiscal policy, the IS has moved towards left, leading to an contractionary fiscal policy.INFLATIONIn economics, inflation can be defined as the r ise in the general aim of worths of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. When the price level rises, then each unit of cash buys fewer goods and services consequently, annual inflation is also erosion in the purchasing index finger of money a loss of real value in the upcountry medium of convert and unit of account in the economy. The effects of inflation on an economy are manifold and can have both(prenominal) simultaneously positive and negative impacts.Since Iceland, comes from a small domestic market, the banks in Iceland have financed their expansion from getting loans on the inter-bank lending market and, more than recently, by getting deposits from outside Iceland (which are also a form of external debt). Large amount of debt was also taken by the family lines, which was tantamount(predicate) to 213% of the disposable income, causing inflation in the country. Due to the practice of the rally camber of Iceland issuing loans (liquidity) to the di fferent banks on the basis of uncovered bonds which are newly issued and printing money on demand, this lead to inflation organism exacerbated.Due to the financial crisis, the country of Iceland suffered inflation. On 25th of March 2008, public website, Bloomberg.com that Iceland had embossed its rates to 15% by raising its repo rate by a huge 1.25% in one day. The website also reported that the country was facing an inflation rate of about 7%. However, the of import buzzword of Iceland had a goal of maintaining the inflation rate of about 2.5%. Also the Icelandic currency, krona has declined against the euro, from about 100 ISK per euro at the beginning of the class (2008), to its low-water mark of 125 on March 19 2008. Due to the interest rate hike it had the effect of moving it to about 116 from about 122. In august 2006, the country of Iceland made intelligence agency when it had change magnitude its interest rate to 13.5%. At that time, the krona was very strong against the euro. Iceland made news previously in August, 2006 when it increased its interest rate to 13.5%. The krona was then trading at a stronger at 90 to one euro.Some main factors why Iceland incurred inflation was mainly due to, the value of krona depreciated, secondly the prices of heterogeneous commodities kept on soaring, and lastly, there was uncertain effect on employ agreements on labour costs.Since the financial crisis brought a huge change in the development of the economies in the world, as well as making some banks go bankrupt, the Icelandic debt is now over 320 billion krona, which is roughly about $4 billion US dollars. This figure is huge as one can say considering that its about a quarter of their GDP.INFLATION GRAPHtwelvemonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec20106.607.308.50200918.6017.5815.1911.8911.6312.1811.3210.9010.819.718.637.5020085.776.798.7211.7612.3212.7413.5514.5414.0215.8917.1518.1320076.897.415.875.294.674.013.763.454.184.475.195.86The above graph s hows Icelandic inflation rate over the past 3 years. In the graph, one can make out how the inflation rate climbed up consistently in the year 2008, whereas in the year 2009, the inflation rates kept on falling except in the month of June where it increased, but since then it had kept on decreasing.In the year 2008, the reason why inflation rate climbed up consistently, was because of the krona which had been depreciating, where as in the year 2009, the inflation rates kept on falling as the billet prices fell, which resulted in the fall of prices.UNEMPLOYMENTUnemployment can be defined as batch who do not have a job, have actively looked for work in the past four weeks, and are currently available for work. Also, battalion who were temporarily laid off and are waiting to be called back to that job are counted as unemployed. Some types of unemployment are listed below morphologic Unemployment.Frictional Unemployment.Cyclical Unemployment.Since the financial crisis, lead to large portionage of unemployment all over the world, Iceland was also one of them which had a quite mettlesomeer(prenominal) rate of unemployment. Unemployment in Iceland increased tree times more by the end of November 2008. There were more than 7000 registered jobseekers (about 4% of the men) in November compared to just 2136 at the end of August 2008. The debt repayment had become more costly as household debt (80%) and 13% denominated in outside(prenominal) currencies had become indexed. The impact of the crisis was such that since October 2008, 14% of the total workforce had experienced reductions in pay, whereas around 7% of the workforce had their working hours reduced. According to IFL (Icelandic Federation of weary) president Gylfi Arnbjrnsson, the above figures were lower than judge More than 85% of the workforce who were currently registered as unemployed in the country, stated that they had become unemployed or lost their jobs in October after that, due to the economic collapse.In declination 2008, the unemployed figures which were registered in Iceland was 4.8 per cent, or around 7,902 people an increase of some 45 percent in November, correspond to the figures from the Directorate of Labour. These unemployment figures were the highest, Iceland had enter since January 1997.In the same month i.e. December in the year 2007, unemployment rate partly was 0.8 percent, or 1.357 people. The Directorate of Labour had estimated that the figure will rise to 6.4-6.9 percent by the end of January 2009.Among those unemployed, the rate of unemployment among young people had increased the fastest, with the digit of registered 16 to 24 year olds jumping from 1,408 to 2,069 in the month to the end of December 2008. This age group accounts for 23 percent of the entire jobless total.UNEMPLOYMENT GRAPH0.00%1.00%2.00%3.00%4.00%5.00%6.00%7.00%8.00%9.00%20032004200520062007200820092010The above graph shows the rate of unemployment over the past 7 years. During t he financial crisis, the rates skyrocketed peculiarly in the year 2010, due to the banking as well as financial collapse. Many became jobless as banks and opposite sectors were closed.Other reason why the rate was high in 2010 was, because the sportfishing sector was affected. This sector accounts for 10% of the total workforce in the country.GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCTThe revenue Domestic harvest (GDP) is defined in economics as a basic measure of a countrys overall economic output. It is the market value of all final goods and services made within the borders of a country in a year. It is often positively correlated with the archetype of reenforcement, though its use as a stand-in for measuring the standard of living has come under increasing criticism and many countries are actively exploring alternative measures to GDP for that purpose.The Gross Domestic harvest-time (GDP) can be determined in three ways, all of which should in precept bind the same result. They are the produ ct (or output) approach, the income approach, and the expenditure approach.Prior to the 2008-2010 crises, the economy of Iceland had achieved high growth, also had a low rate of unemployment, and a remarkably even distribution of income all over the country. The economy depended heavily on the fishing labor which is the main source of their income, which provides 70% of export earnings and employs 10% of the work force. Icelands economy had been diversifying into manufacturing and service industries in the last decade, with new developments in software production, biotechnology, and tourism.During the global financial crisis, the crisis-stricken Icelandic economys GDP shrank by a record 6.5% in 2009, despite having a decent growth of 1% in 2008 and massive growth of 6% in 2007. The decrease in the gross domestic product (GDP) by 6.5% was a record in the national accounts of Iceland.There was a sharp decline in GDP in last year (2009) as the domestic expenditure plunged by 20.1%, th en the household consumption also fell to 14.6% due to unemployment and government consumption dwindled by 3%. Also, Icelands fixed capital formation dropped by 49.9%. These were the reasons why the gross domestic product (GDP) fell by a huge margin, in the year 2009.After the crisis, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Iceland managed to expand at an annual rate of 3.30 percent in the last quarter i.e. in the year 2009. Iceland Gross Domestic Product is now worth 17 billion dollars or 0.03% of the world economy, according to the World Bank. Icelands Scandinavian-type social-market economy combines a capitalist structure and free-market principles with an extensive well-being system, including generous housing subsidies.GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP) GRAPHYearMarJunSepDecAverage2009-5.10-0.40-7.203.30-2.3520082.90-6.001.803.200.4820072.100.805.10-1.001.75The above graph, describes the changes in the gross domestic product (GDP) of Iceland over the past 3 years. During the years 2007 2008, Iceland record a growth in the GDP, which helped in boosting the Icelandic economy. However, most of the year in 2009, it recorded a huge decline of 6.5%, except in the last quarter i.e. in the month of December where it a recorded a positive GDP.The main reasons why the GDP declined in the year 2009 was because the household consumption, the government consumption, as well the domestic expenditure rate had fallen massively, resulting in a negative GDP for the most part of the year.CURRENCYThe Iceland currency which is known as krna had been declined more than 35% against the euro from January to September 2008.Inflation of consumer prices was running at 14% and Icelands interest rates had been raised to 15.5% to deal with the high inflation.In the month of October 2008, the effects of financial crisis brought about a collapse in the Icelandic banking sector. The Central Bank of Iceland abandoned its attempt to peg the Icelandic krna at 131 krnur to the euro after it had trie d to set this peg in the month. During the month, the Icelandic krna was trading at 340 to the euro when trading in the currency had collapsed because the last major Icelandic bank had been takeover by the FME and hence the loss of all krna good deal clearing houses. Then, the primordial bank introduced restrictions on the purchase of foreign currency within Iceland. From October to November, the European Central Bank quoted a reference rate of 305 krnur to the euro.The Central Bank of Iceland had then set up a temporary system of daily currency auctions in the month of October to facilitate world-wideistic contend. The value of the krna was determined by supply and demand which took place in these auctions. The first auction sold 25 million at a rate of 150 krnur to the euro. Commercial krna trading outside Iceland had again been started in the end of October, at an exchange rate of 240 krnur to the euro, after which Icelandic interest rates had been raised to 18%. The foreig n exchange reserves of the Central Bank of Iceland had felled by US$289 million during the month of October 2008.During November 2008, the real exchange rate (discounting inflation) of the Icelandic krna, which was quoted by the Central Bank of Iceland, was approximately one-third lesser than the mean(a) rate from the period 1980-2008, and also 20% lower than the historic lows during the same period. The external rate which was quoted by the European Central Bank was still lower. On the last trading day of the month November, the Central Bank of Iceland had quoted 182.5 krnur to the euro, while the European Central Bank had quoted 280 krnur to the euro.INTERNATIONAL TRADEThe economy of Iceland is small and subject to high volatility. Icelands standard of living is among the worlds highest, in part due to the overall openness of its economy, which has allowed Iceland to delineate significant benefits from specialization and trade according to a report on the trade policies and prac tices of Iceland published by the WTO Secretariat. Iceland has a mixed economy with high levels of free trade and government intervention. Iceland has a free market economy with relatively low taxes compared with other OECD countries. However, government consumption is less than in other Nordic countries. Icelands trade policy is pursued along three main tracks multilateral trade relaxation method through the WTO, regional liberalisation through the European Economic Area (EEA) with its EFTA/EEA partners and the European Union and finally, zygomorphic free trade agreements in cooperation with its EFTA partners Norway, Liechtenstein and Switzerland. Icelands outside(a) treaties have strengthened foreign trade. The EEA Agreement covers the free movement of goods, persons, capital and services. Membership in the EEA in 1994 and the Uruguay Round agreement brought greater market access for Icelands exports, capital, labor, and goods and services, especially seafood products. land is heavily subsidized and protected by the government, with some obligations ranging as high as 700 percent. Iceland is a part of the World Trade Organisation (WTO). The WTO was set up on the 1st of January 1995. It is an organization designed to supervise and liberalize world(prenominal) trade. Since the early 1990s, Iceland and its other partners in the European Free Trade stand (EFTA) Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland have established an extensive network of contractual free trade relations in Central and Eastern Europe, the Mediterranean region and with countries in other parts of the world. The WTO deals with controlling of trade between participating countries it provides a framework for negotiating trade agreements. The country has signed a large number of multilateral and bilateral agreements. Iceland is furthermore strongly committed to the Doha Development Agenda and a fair and equitable outcome that will benefit the entire membership.Iceland supports the Doha Deve lopment Agenda Global Trust Fund, which is think to assist developing countries in taking advantage of the opportunities created by increased trade liberalization. Iceland exports 40% of fish and fish products, 40% of aluminum and alloys and tool products.The main imports are machinery and equipment, petroleum products, foodstuffs and textiles and Cement. Icelands primary import partner is Germany, with 12.6%, followed by the United States, Norway, and Denmark. Currently, the largest trading partner countries are Germany, the UK, the Netherlands and the Nordic countries. The fishing industry is one of the most important industries. It provides 70% of export income and employs 6.0% of the workforce therefore, the state of the economy bides sensitive to world prices for fish products.iThe diversity of Icelands exports has, however, increased significantly in recent years, due to structural reforms and privatisation of state owned entities in finance and other sectors.Exports of ma nufactured products have been growing rapidly. work now account for 36% of total export revenues while in 1990 the share was 26%.Icelands ratio of services to total trade is one of the highest among OECD countries.It is the Governments stated objective to provide Icelandic agriculture with a true to life(predicate) opportunity to adapt to changes in its operating environment, to the benefit of farmers and consumers alike.The growth of international trade had been affected in the 1930s by the existence of tariffs and other barriers to international trade. To avoid such problems an agreement, the general Agreement of Trade and Tariffs, was conclude between 44 countries which included Iceland. Iceland joined GATT in 1968. GATT stated that an international agreement should be created which required a binding code of give for international trade its main objective was the liberalization of world trade. Its principle was that there would be mutual benefits if international trade took place on the basis of non-discrimination and should be gradually reduced through negotiations. The liberalization for international trade gave Iceland confidence in their trade.During the period 2003-07, Iceland developed from a nation best known for its fishing industry into a country providing sophisticated financial services, but was consequently hit particularly hard by the 2008 global financial crisis, which extended into 2009.iiSelf-protection and self-preservation have characterized Icelands foreign trade policy since its independence from Denmark.While Iceland is a highly developed country, until the twentieth century, it was among the poorest countries in Western Europe. However, strong economic growth has led Iceland to be ranked first in the United Nations Human Development mogul report for 2007/2008.iiiTARIFFIceland enjoys some of the strongest economic freedoms among all countries However Iceland is very isolationist as regards to the import of farm products and licen ses as well as state monopolies of imports (undergoing a dismantling). Some plant products such as potatoes and flowers are subject to seasonal limitations.Iceland implements high tariffs on agricultural products in order to protect the domestic agricultural sector. Tariffs on certain varieties of vegetables, e.g. tomatoes, cucumbers and bell peppers are significantly higher during the growing season to protect domestic glasshouse producers. Meat and dairy farm products, and potatoes are also protected by secure duties. Animal feed can carry tariffs up to 55%. everyplace 90% of imports are not subject to import restrictions or duties other than the same value-added tax applied to domestically produced goods. Special excise taxes are levied on sugar and some sugar products, potatoes, and motor vehicles. Agricultural products remain the most heavily taxed. In March 1970, Iceland acquired full membership in EFTA. On 28 February 1973, Iceland ratified a trade agreement with the Europ ean Community (later named the European Union) leading to the elimination of tariffs on industrial goods. A law authorizing the establishment of free trade zones went into effectin 1992. Icelands trade regime underwent considerable liberalization in the 1990s with accession to the European Economic Area (EEA) in 1993, and the Uruguay Round in 1994.Current tariff rates generally range from 0% to 30% ad valorem and the average weighted tariff is 3.6%. Some goods enter duty-free, such as meat, fish, and dairy products.Icelands average MFN applied tariff is 5.9%. A high percentage of tariff lines (70%) benefit from duty free treatment. The average MFN applied tariff ratefor agricultural products is 18.3% (WTO definition) compared with 2.5% for other goods.ivIceland offers preferential tariffs on imports from 37 WTO Members under some(prenominal) free-trade agreements. Regional liberalization has advanced the most within the framework of the European Economic Area (EEA) nonetheless, th e average tariff on products from EEA partners is still 3.2%, reflecting the projection of several agricultural products from duty-free treatment.A new Customs law came into force on 1 January 2006 (Act No. 88/2005). According to the authorities, usance clearance for all importation aspects is computerized electronic data interchange (EDI) covers 98% of the declarations of import and export firms. Customs clearance using EDI takes a consider of minutes, or a few hours if processed manually.CONCLUSIONThe occurrence of the financial and economic crisis left economists and policymakers wondering about its causes. A vast majority of economist and policymakers blamed the free-market reforms. At the beginning of 1990s, the government of Iceland implemented a set of free-market reforms under the leadership of David Oddsson. The companies own by the state were privatized. Financial markets were liberalized. The central bank was granted full independence in cultivation extensive inflat ion. Also, the corporate tax rate was cut from 52 percent in 1985 to 15 percent in 2008. When the financial crisis battered the conduct market which led to the breakdown of the banking sector, many economists, analysts and policymakers immediately blamed free-market reforms as the foremost origin of the crisis.However, the empirical evidence and a macroeconomic outline reverse this kind of thinking. The main origin of the financial and economic crisis that evolved in Iceland is a failure of monetary policy. In 2002, Iceland witnessed a mild recession that ended quickly. Ever since then, the central bank constantly failed to meet the inflation target. In response, it raised benchmark interest rate to double-digit levels. As a consequence of a stunning gap in interest rates, the Icelandic krona strongly appreciated. In such circumstances, high domestic interest rates discouraged the domestic banking sector from borrowing in domestic currency. With interest rates standing at double-d igit levels, uncovered interest parity bit encouraged households, firms and banks to borrow in foreign currency.Iceland has been a part of the news lately because of the recent volcanic eruptions which took place on 15th April 2010 in the glacier Eyjafjallajokull in South Iceland. Day to day business in Iceland unconnected from the directly affected areas in the south has not been affected. The ash hurled into the air travel by the eruption has however caused serious disruption of air handicraft due to which number of flights have been cancelled and also heavy losings has been incurred to the aviation sector, especially in UK.

Osmosis Essay -- Papers

Osmosis Introduction I obtained my scientific knowledge from the AQA science double award modular. This is an experiment that go away look for the osmosis theory To prove this experiment safe I go out prevail goggles to protect my eyes and also pass on make trustworthy that when using the borer to get the murphy I feel a white tile underneath. The experiment will be a sportsmanlike quiz as I will keep the weight of the cut murphy the same throughout the piddle and sugar firmnesss. I will try to keep the potatoes surface bea and volume the same. I will make sure that both pieces of potato are office staffd in their solutions at the same while and pulled out together. I will make the weight of the potatoes the same by using the top pan fit and keeping the weight roughly the same through out the diametric potatoes. I will measure the potatoes to 2 decimal places (g). I will make sure the experiment is fair by completely submerge both potatoes under their solutions so they all have the same feel of releasing and taking in water or sugar solution. When ingeminate the experiment to get a more accurate result I will make sure I use the same controls. I will be sure to have a different test tube as some of the solution maybe left in the test tube after the last experiment. I predict that when the potato chip (in high concentrated sugar) is placed in the sugar solution it will either lose or gain in weight. As the potato is in a concentration that is higher in water than itself it will gain weight and when a potato is in a concentration that is lower in water than itself will lose weight. This is out-of-pocket to osmosis. Osmosis is the diffusion of water from a... ...also have an assistant to help me remove and place the potatoes in the solutions so that they all had equal amounts of time in their solutions. I can not make my experiment perfect as the are some limitations to my equipme nt. To obtain more evidence with osmosis I could improve certain(a) addition aspects like the amount of solution in the test tubes, so that you could get results on whether the amount of solution affects the amount of osmosing a potato chip can do. Some potatoes could have more sugar in than others, so to extend my investigation I could produce results on which potatoes have more protein in. I could add additional information about the time it takes for osmosis. I could retrieve information on the time it takes for the potato chips to reach its limiting point that is if there is a limiting point.

Congress And The Change In Term Limits Essay -- Politics Political

congress and The Change in Term LimitsIn 1994, for the first time in 40 years, telling was drastically changed. TheDemocratic majority was uprooted and new, lively, freshmen were instated with ajob to undertake. As section of the Re barlican=s AContract with America, thesenew Republicans had to revise the current copulationional end point limit status. Inundertaking this task, these men and women ran into a seemingly c aren road-block.This roadblock consisted of long- full term, carreerists who were unwilling to change.The problem was non that there were no Congressmen who were affiliated to realchange elected in 1994 because there were, but Congress was highly dominated bylong-term careerists in both parties who seemed to watch much loyalty to thesystem than to their constituents. As Thomas Jefferson put it, "Whenever a manhas cast a longing eye on offices, a rottenness begins in his conduct." (Oxforddictionary of quotations, p.272) Over time, career legislators a re more likelyto promote the interest of the establishment of which they are part than that ofthe big public. This fact is not surprising. If most of a persons time isspent meeting with lobbyists, constituents, and bureaucrats, that person mayactually come to believe what these influential battalion are saying. This is whynew blood needs to enter Congress more frequently, in order to avoid the highlyinfluenced Congress that is make full with old people with old ideals. Needless tosay the once rose-colored freshmen were unsuccessful in their task, and it=s plainto see why. Until that changes, Congress is not going to change. Congressmenneed to get back to basics and realize that they are in office to serve theirpeople, and not themselves.What would change Congress is term limits. By the middle of last year nearlyhalf of the states had restricted, some all of them by popular vote, thenumber of terms that their members of Congress could serve. moreover then the SupremeCourt inte rvened. In U.S. Term Limits, Inc., et al. v. Thornton et al., a specializefive-to-four majority voided these restrictions, stating that "allowingindividual States to craft their own qualifications for Congress would thus choke the structure envisioned by the Framers, a structure that was designed, inthe linguistic process of the Preamble to our Constitution, to form a Amore perfect Union.(US constabulary Week, 1995)Congress, na... ..., Edward H.(2), "Six and cardinal The Case for Serious Term Limits,"National Civic Review, 1991. P. 251.Jefferson, Thomas. "Letter to tench Coxe" 1799, The Oxford Dictionary ofQuotations, 3d ed. New York Oxford University Press, 1979, p. 272.McLaughlin, Fabrizio, Memorandum to "all interested parties," February 6, 1996,p. 1.      (www.poilticalscience/pub/quotes.com)Moore, Stephen and Steelman, Aaron. "An Antidote to Federal Red Ink TermLimits," Cato appoint brief Paper no. 21, November 3, 19 94, p. 21.(Http//www.cato.org)Payne, James, AThe Culture of Spending Why Congress Lives beyond Our MeansUniversity      Press, 1991 p. 175-80.Smith, Bradley A. "Campaign Finance Regulation Faulty Assumptions andUndemocratic      Consequences," Cato Institute Policy Analysis no. 238, September13, 1995, p. A15      (www.cato.org)U.S. Term Limits, Inc., et al. v. Thornton et al., 63 U.S. Law Week 4413, 4432.May 22, 1995.Wall Street Journal "Conflict in Congress," Wall Street Journal, April 22, 1996,p. A22.

Shaker Communities Essays -- Essays Papers

Shaker CommunitiesDuring the 1800s many a(prenominal) Utopian societies sprouted in the United States. Most of these societies blossomed and faded quite quickly, hardly one group did not fade away like the others. This partnership successfully combined their faith with the reasoning of the changing times and unploughed their communities going strong. They are or known as the Shakers, or more than formally as the members of the United Society of Believers in Christs Second Appearing. The Shakers were inventors and thinkers who challenged many traditional thoughts and beliefs. Even today, people marvel and wonder at the Shakers and their communities, which subscribe survived for over two hundred and twenty years and whose influences on nightspot still are present today. Originally, the Shakers formed out of a sect of Quakers in England that was known as the thrill Quakers due to their very mad religious services. Jane and James Wardley led the group who shook, danced, sang an d spoke in tongues during services. A woman from Manchester, England, named Ann Lee joined the group in 1758. In 1770 she was arrested and spent time in jail for disturbing the peace during a religious celebration. During this time Ann had her vision of Adam and Eve having carnal communication which shaped the future of the group.1 Afterwards she came to the realization that sexual intercourse caused military mans fall from grace. Following her release from jail, she went forth to tell the members of the Shaking Quakers in Manchester about her vision.At this point, Ann Lee became known as get down Ann, the leader of the Shaking Quakers. For the next four years, the group remained in England. due(p) to the persecution they faced during this time, they failed to attract many new members... ...x/soc257/nrms/Shakers.html (5 Mar. 2000). 3. Hillebrand ( Http//www.webzonecom.com/ccn/cults/othr09a.txt). 4. Robley Edward Whitson, The Shakers twain Centuries of Spiritual Refection (Ne w York Paulist Press, 1983), 1-2. 5. David R. Lamson, Two Years Experience Among the Shakers (New York AMS Press Inc., 1971), 10-11. 6. Lawrence Foster, Women, Family, and Utopia (New York Syracuse University Press, 1991), 30-31. 7. Stephen J. Stein, The Shaker Experience in America (New Haven, CO Yale University Press, 1992) 133-134. 8. Unknown, New Release from Storey Books - Shaker medicative Herbs Http//www.storey.com/news/aug0404.htm (5 Mar. 2000). 9. Unknown, Sabbathday Lake. Http//www.shakerworkshops.com/sdl.htm (5 Mar. 2000). 10. Harlan ( Http//cti.itc.virginia.edu/jkh8x/soc257/nrms/Shakers.html).

I Hear Them Calling My Name :: essays research papers

The Fear of good dealPeople fear not succeeding, negative activities in their environment, death, terrorism, etc, but from a multicultural standpoint, we as a whole fear interpolate. Our hu humankind race is besides fearful of residual. We fear the difference of our religions, color, race, and sexual preferences. We are afraid of things not in our norm and things that stick out in the world. The issue of change and difference is very prevalent in the allow I test Them Calling My Name A Journey Through the New South. This book was well written by Chester gas-filled. You can really see this multicultural issue by the way fear controls the characters emotions directed towards other passel with difference.In the book, instinct(predicate) journeys through the South just after the complaisant Rights Movement during the 1960s. He is assigned to travel and find any difference or enbetterment in the treatment of blacks since the Civil Rights Movement. His first experience comes whe n his automobile breaks down on a highway in deep southern part of North Carolina. He walks to a gas station to develop his car towed and the only mechanics/tow men are white. At first he gets the feeling hes firing to be abused by these men. In his mind, Fuller is plotting where hes going to strike the men when they attack him. Fuller is so scared and muckle in his ways that he doesnt look past the mans race, but is rather intimidated and brainwashed. They arrive stern at the station with car and the mechanic asks what seems to be the problem. Fuller thought peradventure the fuel nitty-gritty or something really expensive. The mechanic proceeds back to the car and tinkers with a few things and the car is done is minutes. The mechanic could hurl possibly put in a new fuel pump among other things and cost Fuller a lot of money, but preferably charged a whopping eight dollars. The thing with all this is Fullers views of the mechanic the whole time and his emotions of being r eady to fight. This amazes me. Fuller missed this mans kindness and respect, because of his fear of difference. This fear tranquillise occurs today. The only problem is that it exists in many other things than race or color of skin. Socially we have had a major problem with force out in schools. This all occurs because of difference.

Ellis Island :: essays research papers

ELLIS ISLAND                                   Ellis Island has a long history, was needed, and was the "Gateway to America" from1892 until it closed(a) in 1954, when it began its slow decay.The island was called Gull Island by the Indians and Oyster Island by the Dutch. afterthe English erected a gibbet or gallows on the island for hanging criminals and so theisland became known as Gibbet Island. The Indians sold it to the Dutch East India accompany for trinkets. The company later sold it to Mynheer Paauw who also boughtland along the new-made Jersey coastline. Samuel Ellis, a colonial merchant bought theisland and it became at last Ellis Island. later on the Revolution, the island was sold to juvenile York State and in 1811, Fort Gibson was built on it in preparation for the War of1812. No fighting in any casek place at Fort Gibson it was mainly a munitions storage fort.When immigrants began, pouring into New York City, New York State processed themat an old fort known as Castle Clinton on the Battery at the tip of Manhattan. Whenthat facility became too small for the large number of immigrants arriving in the country,they chose Ellis Island as the new in-migration center. After erecting new woodenbuildings, it opened in 1892 yet those buildings burned in 1897. New buildings wereerected in 1900 and it reopened. Eventually the control of in-migration was turned all overto the Federal government.Ellis Island was the principal federal immigration stake the Gateway to America inthe United States from 1892 to 1954. More than 12 one million million immigrants were processedhere. Over time, the immigration station spread over 3 connected islands withnumerous structures including a hospital and contagious disease wards. It is estimatedthat over 40 percent of all citizens can trace their ancestry to those who came withEllis Island. In its early years, when the greatest number of immigrants entered thecountry, Ellis Island mirrored the nations generous emplacement and open door policy. Afterpassage of immigration laws in the 1920s, it was utilise more for "assembly, detainment,and deporting aliens," and symbolized a closing door. Immigrants were required topass a serial of medical and legal inspections before they could enter America.

The Rise of Universal Liberal Values? Essays -- Essays Papers

The Rise of universal proposition Liberal Values?Democracy is one thing, and original liberalism quite another. In the inexorable march of modernity, Fareed Zakaria argues in The Rise of Illiberal Democracy, the message of constitutional liberalism has gotten lost in the clamor for democracy. This is puzzleatic because, without a strong macrocosm of pluralism and constitutional liberalism, the apparatus of democracy can easily be hijacked by forces that hardly espouse the liberal values that have a bun in the oven, in the Western mind, go bad transparently conflated with democracy. The fact that liberal constitutional democracy has become the overlooked case for Western pundits serves and most likely will continue to serve, Zakaria points out, as a legitimizing shroud around illiberal democracies practices. What is problematic is Zakarias notion of legitimacy who are we to say whether, to the extent that we find an illiberal democratic regimes actions suspect or worse, that r egime is illegitimate? Such pronouncements not only fly in the face of the democratic orthodoxy, but also dangerously change the props of national sovereignty that comprise the underpinning of the current international system. Democracy, more often than not defined, is a mechanism of governance, the participation of a people in the plectrum of its rulers. Constitutional liberalism, on the other hand, as sketched by thinkers from the Enlightenment onward, is a philosophy of governance, granting the governed a set of inalienable personal freedoms, in asset to ensuring the rule of law and the separation of powers (132). These are quite clearly not the same thing, although they have been bedfellows for almost time in the governments of western europium and North America. Zakari... ...notions of basic liberal rights and freedoms upon other cultures that do not, by necessity, part them all. He takes the almost-insulting stance that people that choose an illiberal government do no t know what is good for them, when they may in fact have quite tenable reasons to do so. To further suggest that America and come with aim to spread these uniquely Western concepts is further problematic in that to do so could destabilize these countries, or even turn them against the West, sure as shooting not a desirable outcome. It is classical to recognize that culture plays an important role in the choices people make, including their choice of government. And just as some cultures find nothing wrong with eating termites or belching in public, so too are they entitled to find no problem with illiberality to an extent. As long as they choose it voluntarily, it is their own choice.

Hemingway :: Essays Papers

HemmingwayHemingway poor boy is the foundation for the main charater in all of Hemingways stories. The Hemingway wedge is always a patch, more so, he is a rough, treelike type a real mans-man. He drinks, he hunts, and he acts first then asks questions later. He goes from one woman to another, and women are respectable for little more than reproduction. (Shoemaker) He has hopes, dreams, convictions and beliefes which he strictly follows, but he does not talk about them. This is one great example of the Hemingway Hero being a man How much did you suffer? Plenty, replied the old man. (Ernest Hemingway, old Man and The Sea 126.) This conversation took place after the old man had been fighting a twelve hundred pound marlin for three geezerhood with little drink and only raw fish to eat. This pattern of the Hemingway Hero is consistent in all of Hemingways writings. Santiago, from The Old Man and the Sea, has a striking similarity to each of the injured soldiers in In other Country. All of these men are proud and it is shown in the soldiers thoughts about his medals (Adventures in American Literature 649) and in Santiagos belief that a man can be destroyed, but not defeated which is besides major theme in many of Hemingways writings. However, the hero varies from tommyrot to story in their realism. In In Another Country the characters viewing a more human quality of emotion, where as Santiago seems to name a super-human restraint and is always stoic.Hemingway utilizes most every kind of literary device imaginable in his writing. One major item is the use of understatement (Shoemaker), the quote in the second paragraph is an excellent example as is It is very difficult, he said I am utterly unavailing to resign myself, (Adventures in American Literature, 651.) This quote is from an injured soldier good morning the loss of his recently wed bride.

Chinas Only Child Policy :: essays research papers

When women dream of settling down and making a family of their own, they ph atomic number 53 about how many babyren they would like to take. Some like small families containing provided one or two children, while others enjoy really bombastic families with four or five children. Here in America, women fall in the proper to give ancestry to as many children as we want or can physically have. Other countrys such as China is non that fortunate when it comes to women giving birth. Since China is the most over populated country, in 1979 they created the one child policy, only allowing women to give birth to one child to try and cut down the population growth.In many towns in China they have people that be called the "family planners" who come to womens houses every daylight to remind them to take their birth control and not to have more(prenominal) than one child. When even thinking about having a baby, women who work in factories have to ask permission to try and get pregnant. If a charcleaning lady does get pregnant for the second time while working in a factory, they get their bonus taken away. The most crazy embark on about this policy to me is that women are getting persuaded left and counterbalance to have abortions. I am against abortions, so I think its horrible that women are getting pressured into having an abortion when they should have the right to be happy with some other child. In the video about Chinas only child policy, they mentioned a charwoman that got persuaded into having an abortion, she escaped the hospital still pregnant, was searched for, found, and was still forced to have the abortion. I feel that by finding her and forcing her to still take the abortion is not right and is pushing the lines. Its one thing to suggest only having one child, but when it comes to forcing a woman to change her mind, its wrong no point what the purpose is.Personally, I feel that a woman should have the right to make up her own mind ab out how many children she should have. I would feel exposed and not comfortable if there was a woman coming to my house everyday making sure that im taking my birth control pills. Also, I dont think that its fair for factories to not give women their bonuses if they have earned it, just because they got pregnant for the second time.