Marijuana V. Alcohol Essay - 770 Words

Marijuana v. Alcohol Grass. Ganja. Kush. Weed. Pot. Mary Jane. Marijuana. Marijuana is an illegal substance in America, used by people to get â€Å"high.† It has become a recent debate over whether it is right to legalize marijuana or to keep it as an illegal substance. Many people believe that marijuana is a dangerous substance that should never be legalized in America. These people focus on marijuana which is harmless in comparison to alcohol, which is a legal and widely used substance in America. The negative of effects of marijuana are less severe then those of alcohol. The case for the legalization of marijuana can be made by comparing and contrasting the effects on the body of marijuana and alcohol use. Marijuana is used in a similar†¦show more content†¦Marijuana is much safer then alcohol too. Marijuana is one of the few drugs without the risk of overdose. In 2006, alcohol was the cause of 22,073 deaths in the united states. Alcohol, by itself or combined with another illicit drug, was involved in approximately 577,521 emergency room visits. Marijuana use, on the other hand, has no effect, increasing or decreasing, on mortality. Marijuana was only involved in approximately 290,563 emergency room visits. This means that alcohol is involved in two times the amount of emergency room visits as marijuana and kills more people each year because marijuana doesn’t have a direct affect on mortality. In the case of legalization of marijuana in the United States, the answer is obvious. Marijuana is safer to the human body then alcohol, which is legal. Marijuana has positive medical applications, while alcohol has no positive medical applications. Alcohol also kills over 22,000 people a year from alcohol poisoning, while marijuana kills zero people a year because it is not possible to overdose. If marijuana is safer for a person then alcohol then why do they have it as an illegal substance. The legalization of marijuana is the obvious answer to the debate that is occurring across the United States. Works Cited Albert S. Whiting. Alcohol Use Is Harmful. Opposing Viewpoints: Gateway Drugs. NoÃÆ' «l Merino. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2008. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Gale.Show MoreRelatedPrayer, Homosexuality, And Alcohol And Drugs1469 Words   |  6 PagesReligion vs. Secularism in Prayer, Homosexuality, and Alcohol and Drugs The Puritans left England to be able to have the freedom of choosing their religion. Their voyage seems like a long time ago, but still today, America struggles to find the balance between religion and freedom. This paper will discuss three areas where this battle is manifested: public prayer, homosexuality, and alcohol and drugs. America today reflects the outcome of each side’s ability to make laws and the measures that wereRead MoreWhy Marijuana Should Be Legalized Essay1605 Words   |  7 PagesTable of Contents I. Introduction to Cannabis II. 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Although many peopleRead MoreMarijuana Legalization1212 Words   |  5 PagesMarijuana Legalization COMP 1500 April 20th, 2009 Word Count: 807 Outline I. Introduction Thesis Statement: Although America is the land of the free you do not really have  too many  free choices you can make. Americans  should have  the right to  choose whether or not  marijuana should be legal. II. Background III. The tax benefits that can be created A. If legalized they can tax it how ever much they want B. Can be regulated IV. Drug enforcement money can be divertedRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Legalization Of Marijuana1072 Words   |  5 Pagessubject of marijuana legalization has been an exceedingly popular discussion topic in recent years and, as time goes on, only seems to grow more popular. This discussion has resulted in many arguments that support marijuana’s legalization. One popular argument says that since alcohol is worse for you, and alcohol is legal, marijuana should be legalized. 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This is reflected in anRead MoreEssay on Legalizing Marijuana-Persuasive Outline941 Words   |  4 PagesBilly Bob Joe Good Example Persuasive Speech Outline Purpose: To persuade my audience to: support the legalization of marijuana, because of it being able to provide many medical as well as economic benefits for the United States if legalized. Thesis Statement: Marijuana has been regarded as a harmful plant that can endanger lives and is thought to be nothing more than an extra problem to be dealt with in today’s society. However, based on its economic value and medical benefits, theRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal? Essay1304 Words   |  6 Pages Cannabis commonly known as â€Å"weed† or â€Å"marijuana† has been around since the early 2700 B.C. for medicinal purposes. Now and days cannabis has more uses than medicinal reasonings, people use it as a drug and as a product to sell. Studies states that weed has no negative impact to the human body, unlike alcohol which causes brain damage, and serious mental health problems within short and long term useage but, yet it is legal. That brings up the question â€Å"why not legalize cannabis?† With the legalizationRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1583 Words   |  7 Pages My parents did a good job of teaching me not to abuse drugs. I only snuck sips of alcohol to see what it tasted like when I was a teenager. Now that I am 21 and in college I will admit to occasionally getting drunk intentionally. I’ve never picked up smoking; I have had a cigar at a wedding. I have made it a point to stay away from illegal drugs like meth, cocaine, ecstasy, her oine, and etcetera. As for marijuana, I tried it in Colorado recently with my boyfriend. Afterwards, and during, I thoughtRead MoreThe Benefits Of Medical And Recreational Marijuana1740 Words   |  7 PagesPark Hegeler The Benefits of Marijuana The question of whether or not to legalize the medicinal and recreational use of marijuana has been an ongoing debate ever since President Nixon declared the war on drugs in 1971. The main question that circulates this debate is, do the benefits of medical and recreational marijuana justify its legality? Marijuana is one of the only drugs that has numerous medicinal properties that can do everything from managing chemotherapy side effects, to putting an

Information Classification The Embodiment Of Management...

Information Classification: Information classification is â€Å"the embodiment of management’s tolerance of information risk.† 3 It categorizes data to convey required safeguards for information confidentiality, integrity and availability. These protection measures are usually based on qualified information value and risk acceptance. Why we need Information Classification? †¢ Organizations need to ensure their data today like never before the expanding requirement for organizations to ensure their client and budgetary data is self-evident. Signs are pervasive in the news, productions, and in the turn of late business and world occasions. For instance: †¢ Information innovation has as of late been chosen as a weapon of decision for terrorists. The potential is there to disable our economy. †¢ The Internet is being utilized more for discriminating business exchanges. It is basic information among business experts that executing business over the Internet without fitting insurance measures puts customer and organization data at extensive danger for misrepresentation and burglary. †¢ New government regulations, similar to the Gramm Leach Bliley and Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Acts (HIPAA) (HIPAA) consider associations in charge of executing insurance controls for data protection, access, stockpiling and trade. Organizations that don t go along can be surveyed steep money related punishments. 1. Confidential: Confidential data has huge quality for LSE, andShow MoreRelatedThe Essentials of Project Management65719 Words   |  263 PagesNature release THE ESSENTIALS OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT SECOND EDITION The Essentials of Project Management Second Edition Dennis Lock Gower O Dennis Lock 2001 A l rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, l stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the permission of the publisher. First published 1996 This edition published by Gower Publishing Limited GowerRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesCover Designer: Wanda Espana OB Poll Graphics: Electra Graphics Cover Art: honey comb and a bee working / Shutterstock / LilKar Sr. Media Project Manager, Editorial: Denise Vaughn Media Project Manager, Production: Lisa Rinaldi Full-Service Project Management: Christian Holdener, S4Carlisle Publishing Services Composition: S4Carlisle Publishing Services Printer/Binder: Courier/Kendallville Cover Printer: Courier/Kendalville Text Font: 10.5/12 ITC New Baskerville Std Credits and acknowledgments borrowedRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesmanaging, organizing and reflecting on both formal and informal structures, and in this respect you will find this book timely, interesting and valuable. Peter Holdt Christensen, Associate Professor, Copenhagen Business School, Denmark McAuley et al.’s book is thought-provoking, witty and highly relevant for understanding contemporary organizational dilemmas. The book engages in an imaginative way with a wealth of organizational concepts and theories as well as provides insightful examples from theRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pageshistory—20th century. 4. World politics—20th century. I. Adas, Michael, 1943– II. American Historical Association. D421.E77 2010 909.82—dc22 2009052961 The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1992 Printed in the United States of America 2 4 6 8 9 7 5 3 1 C ONTENTS Introduction Michael Adas 1 1 World Migration in the Long Twentieth Century †¢ Jose

Gartner Other Known Research Organizations â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Gartner Other Known Research Organizations? Answer: Introduction This is the era of new technologies and models, which are not only cost efficient, but provides a lot of intelligence needed to make the decisions as well as provide convenience. Internet of things (IOT) is one such popular disruptive technology that received much hype and attention in the Gartner and other will known research organizations. However, lack of common standards across devices, unanswered questions about dealing with the security and privacy issues had slowdown the implementation of this technology. Also, it is the main theme of the Industry 4.0, which refers to the current automation, and data exchanged processes in the manufacturing industry. There has been a lot of research going on in this area by technological giants like Google, IBM, manufacturing giants like Robert Bosch GMBH, General Electric and other OEMs as well as top universities like Stanford and MIT schools (Liu, Baiocchi, 2016). The prime reason for this exhaustive research is that it is the promising te chnology and everyone is looking for the unanswered questions before it become a revolution. The purpose of this report is to discuss about the technologic basics, its application, benefits and challenges, security issues as well as how these issues can be solved. The next big thing in Internet of Things is the seamless user interface. Today, people want to minimize the use of traditional interface like touch. The next generation user interface would be face control. Another big thing in the Internet of Things infrastructure is voice control. Today people want that their mobile phones should be unlocked with their voice and they also want to give instructions to their car with voice. It is important to discuss the Internet of Things and its applications. What is IOT and its applications IOT is all about communication among the devices by the use of embedded sensors without human intervention. Vehicle to vehicle communication, machine-to-machine communication, wearable devices communication, smart televisions, thermostats are all examples of IOT products. This automation has potential to solve the complex business problems and automate the routine tasks. It will also provide convenience to people so that they can focus on their important activities and mundane tasks will be handled by the systems. It has its applications in almost all the industries from manufacturing to HealthCare to logistics Industry to name a few. In Healthcare industry, there are few warble devices that can measure the blood pressure, heart rate on continuous basis and can alert appropriate person whenever the data does not fall within the limits (Gubbi, et al., 2013). There are smart app locks in which you can lock and unlock your homes using your mobile phones without carrying any key. There a re thermostats that can be controlled by apps. Google has developed an APP called Google home where you can associate all the IOT enabled devices together and control them using the app. How about turning the thermostat from office when you are leaving for the home. There are shoes that can measure our speed of walking. There are home lightning solutions based on the IOT. There are smart home kitchens that can trigger a coffee brewing as soon as you had bath based on your daily schedule. Such level of intelligence will really ease the life as well as solve complex business problems when devices are intelligent enough to communicate with each other but this increased level of interaction among the devices without human intervention can be risky also (Dermirkan, Spohrer, Welser, 2016). It is predicted by the experts that there will be more than 20 billion devices IOT enabled by 2020. The most common and basic representation of Internet of Things can be shown as: The above diagram shows that different things are interconnected in the model of Internet of Things. The prime force to connect all the things together is Internet. It is important that organizations and individuals must have high speed Internet in place so that they can take the complete benefits of Internet of Things. The key tenet in Internet of Things is connectivity (Drucker, 2015). The entire concept of Internet of Things would fail in the absence of high speed Internet. Security and other issues and solutions There are various benefits of Internet of Things. However, there are various security concerns also. It is important that organizations must analyze various security concerns before making any decision. At the same time, it is important that quality must be maintained. There are two types of quality assurance i.e. internal assurance and external assurance that the project manager should focus on for effective performance as part of Internet of Things infrastructure. Internal assurance is for providing the quality report to the quality chief and management while external quality assurance is providing the quality report to the external customers of the project. As per quality assurance, there should be ongoing continuous improvements no matter how small or big these improvements are. Some of the key issues for Internet of Things can be discussed as: 3.1 Data sovereignty: It is a big issue in using the IPT application. This means that data stored in the digital format should be compliant to the laws and regulations of the country. To better understand it, take an example of smart TV and thermostat devices that can be operated by Google Home app. In this case, Google must be storing data about the person as well as various devices. Now, google is storing its data in various clouds whose copies are stored at various locations of the world (Jing, et al., 2014). Now, as per the EU (European Union), data generated within the country and belonging to the people of the country should be stored within the country and thus IOT device has to ensure it. Such type of data sovereignty issued needs to be solved before IOT becomes accepted for widespread adoption. This issue can be solved by each vendor clarifying where they are storing the data, how they are storing the data. 3.2 Data Authentication: IOT devices will have the capability to continuously watch for incoming data continuously. It is possible that IOT device will come in contact with other IOT devices as well as other users (Stankovic, 2014). Data authentication refers to the way of controlling the communication so that IOT devices will communicate only with the authentic users and devices and not with any other device. Therefore, there must be a setting or control in place to protect the data from intruders. This issue can be controlled by having the one time passcode for devices connection. 3.3 Data leakage and loss: Data leakage refers to the export of data by unauthorized users during transfer between the devices. It is a very serious threat and is a big risk to the confidentiality and integrity of the data. Data loss refers to loss of data due to failure of hardware or software or due to natural calamity. Data leakage can be prevented by using DLP (data leakage prevention) (Sadeghi, Wachsmann, Waidner, 2015). In case of Data loss, it is not possible to restore all the devices from backup for example how the IOT enabled shoes and IOT enabled other devices will be restored unless they are having some internal memory also and if they are making use of some cloud to store the data, then all the risks associated with the Cloud adopting like multitenancy structure will be applicable to IOT also. 3.4 Modification of sensitive information: When data is getting transferred between the sensors, it can be captured, modified and then forwarded to the device. Modification can be of different types like changing content, changing sequence making message meaningless and time modification resulting in replay attack. All these can have serious repercussions. To better understand, think what will happen if IOT enabled medical device is attacked and ECG report of patient is modified (Perera Zaslavsky, 2014). It could lead to loss of a life. 3.5 Interoperability challenges/Lack of common standards: Due to lack of commons standards, there are often compatibility issues and often the IOT enabled device which is using the Philips Chips is not able connect to the device using Chip of Intel. All such incompatibilities should be resolved for more sharing and communication among the devices (Sadeghi, Wachsmann, Waidner, 2015). 3.6 Lack of infrastructure: It is another challenge. IOT needs high speed Internet that is available in big cities but what about small to medium cities. There are many things that will not work or simply fail in absence of fast network. Think what will happen to smart vehicle, which is using GPRS in area where Internet is very slow. How the vehicle will react in absence of Internet. This kind of study must be presented to make the use of IOT more convincing (Lee, Lee, 2015). Moreover, the slow speed of Internet in rural areas us due to constraint of high cost. One way to resolve this is to use Satellite application catapult should be used. The security challenges could be overcome with an effective security policy in place. It is important that the systems should be protected with antivirus and firewall. There should also be a provision of two-step authentication system that would ensure that intrusion is not possible. It would be correct to say that the combination of different security techniques would help the organizations to take complete benefits of Internet of Things (Da Xu He, 2014). Conclusion The above paper discusses various aspects of Internet of Things. With the above discussion it can be said that there is no doubt IOT is a very promising technology with huge potential but another truth is that every new technology has lot of issues and problems when it is in nascent stages and these issues must be resolved for the widespread acceptance of the technology. IOT is in nascent stages with lot of research going on by big technological giants as well as manufacturing countries and once these issues are resolved, IOT will become a revolution. Each new technology faces a huge resistance initially however the only thing constant is change. It is expected that the penetration of Internet of Things would further increase with time. There could be further improvements in the quality under Internet of Things. In order to implement quality controls, it is very important that organization must define a dedicated a quality plan clearly defining the quality standards that will be appl icable to the projects and how the quality requirements will be achieved the cost, time and other considerations to achieve the quality. One of the most important and basic premises of quality control is that quality must be built and planned in the system rather than inspection References Da Xu, L., He, W., Li, S. (2014). Internet of things in industries: A survey.IEEE Transactions on industrial informatics,10(4), 2233-2243. Demirkan, H., Spohrer, J. C., Welser, J. J. (2016). Digital Innovation and Strategic Transformation.IT Professional,18(6), 14-18. Drucker, P. F. (2015). Internet of Things.European Commission Information Society and Media. Gubbi, J., Buyya, R., Marusic, S., Palaniswami, M. (2013). Internet of Things (IoT): A vision, architectural elements, and future directions.Future generation computer systems,29(7), 1645-1660. Gyrard, A., Datta, S. K., Bonnet, C., Boudaoud, K. (2015, August). Cross-domain Internet of Things application development: M3 framework and evaluation. InFuture Internet of Things and Cloud (FiCloud), 2015 3rd International Conference on(pp. 9-16). IEEE. Jing, Q., Vasilakos, A. V., Wan, J., Lu, J., Qiu, D. (2014). Security of the internet of things: Perspectives and challenges.Wireless Networks,20(8), 2481-2501. Lee, I., Lee, K. (2015). The Internet of Things (IoT): Applications, investments, and challenges for enterprises.Business Horizons,58(4), 431-440. Liu, X., Baiocchi, O. (2016, October). A comparison of the definitions for smart sensors, smart objects and Things in IoT. InInformation Technology, Electronics and Mobile Communication Conference (IEMCON), 2016 IEEE 7th Annual(pp. 1-4). IEEE. Perera, C., Zaslavsky, A., Christen, P., Georgakopoulos, D. (2014). Context aware computing for the internet of things: A survey.IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials,16(1), 414-454. Sadeghi, A. R., Wachsmann, C., Waidner, M. (2015, June). Security and privacy challenges in industrial internet of things. InDesign Automation Conference (DAC), 2015 52nd ACM/EDAC/IEEE(pp. 1-6). IEEE. Stankovic, J. A. (2014). Research directions for the internet of things.IEEE Internet of Things Journal,1(1), 3-9.

Ironies Of Life Essays - Humour, Rhetoric, Calvin And Hobbes, Comedy

Ironies Of Life Ironies Of Life Irony is a word that has been around in my life since I was six years old. I remember it exactly, the day that the word entered my vocabulary. My mom and I were driving to my grandma's house and I was reading a ?Calvin and Hobbes? comic from the paper earlier that morning. Calvin had been saving a snowball in the freezer for 4 months and was going to use it. He snuck up on his nemesis, Suzy, and threw it as hard as he could, and missed. He goes into hysterics, wondering how he could have missed that perfect shot, while, at the same time Suzy is scooping up the pile of snow lying in front of her. Calvin turns in time to see Suzy grinning as she hurls it in his face. The last panel has Calvin lying on the ground with snow on his head, saying that ?the irony of this is sickening?. I asked my mom what that word and she told me to look it up when we got home. Ever since then, Irony has been one of my favorite words, because of the sarcasm and wit involved to use it. The Oxford English dictionary defines irony as the use of words designed to convey a meaning opposite to the literal sense, with the design of indicating dissent, disapprobation,or contempt;censure or ridicule under cover of praise or compliment; covert sarcasm or satire. This means that you can make fun of someone, and make them feel really dumb, which is something that the media loves to do. The T.V. shows ?Saturday Night Live?, ?Friends?, ?Fraiser?, and ?The Simpsons? are all perfect examples of irony. ?Fraiser? is a show that loves to use the concept of irony to play with the characters of the show, getting them into some precarious situations. Irony in entertainment isn't something new though. In greek tragedies, famous playwrights used irony to entertain audiences for years. Sophicles used irony in one of his most famous plays, ?Oedipus? where a young couple, who were King and Queen of a land, were told by a prophecy that their son would kill the father. Frightened by this knowledge, they took their son and chained him to a mountain far away. A shepherd found the boy and raised him as his own. The boy grew to become a man, and, while walking on a path, was told to move so that a royal coach may pass. He didn't want to move and ended up killing all of the guards and the king himself. He then ventured to the next town, which happened to be the city where his parents ruled, and wound up marrying the queen. When they found out what had happened, he took a pin and jabbed out his eyes. The Greeks knew that word as ironia, which is latin. They knew it to mean dissimulation, ignorance purposely affected. Probably the most famous greek to use irony, though, was Socrates, who had is own form of irony, Socratic Irony. Socratic irony is a condition of affairs or events exactly the reverse of what was to be expected; a contradictory result of events as though in mockery of what might have been looked for; as in the irony of the circumstances. What Socrates would do is play dumb, so that he would be easily overlooked, and put aside, and could easily lure his companions into a state of self assuredness. Then he could tell who really was intelligent and who was not, and decide who he wanted to make friends with. It's a brilliant way to see who is your intellectual equivalent. Irony is a funny thing. It can be used to make a interesting outlook on a situation, provide some dry sarcasm, or put things in perspective. It's a fun word to use and very popular, for anyone who can use sarcasm can use the word irony. English Essays

Justin Bieber My World 2.0 free essay sample

Bieber Fever has infected this country, but its not necessarily a disgrace to music; it could be a good thing. He is talented and co-writes his songs. Bieber is a better alternative to Disney mega-stars. Unlike Miley Cyrus and Selena Gomez, Bieber does not rely on computers to improve his vocals. If you have ever heard him live, you know this is true. Throughout â€Å"My World 2.0,† he sings of heartbreak and falling in love. I would recommend this album to anyone who likes pop music. In the first track, â€Å"Baby† (with Ludacris), he sings of first love and heartbreak. The CD features other artists like Sean Kingston (in â€Å"Eenie Meenie†) and Jessica Jarrell (in â€Å"Overboard†). Whether you enjoy soft melodies, like â€Å"That Should Be Me,† or upbeat jams like â€Å"Stuck in the Moment,† this CD suits all types. Bieber gives pop a new definition by personalizing each song with â€Å"The Bieber Touch. We will write a custom essay sample on Justin Bieber My World 2.0 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † He doesnt just sing; he takes music to a whole new dimension by playing instruments like the piano, trumpet, drums, and guitar. He may not fit everyones taste, but Justin Bieber is taking the musical world by storm.

Analyze and Evaluate a patient with a mobility problem in relation to the rehabilitation process

Analyze and Evaluate a patient with a mobility problem in relation to the rehabilitation process Free Online Research Papers I have focused on a client whom has mobility impairment due to recurring falls. This patient was referred to the care of the elderly ward where she received intense rehabilitation to help maintain independence. I will explore the issue as a holistic assessment. For this care study the names of the people and places concerned have been altered in order to protect and maintain confidentially, this is to abide by the Nursing and Midwifery Council Code of Professional Conduct (NMC) 2004. The name of the client for this care study will be called Mrs Eileen Adams. (See appendix). Mrs Adams was admitted to the care of the elderly ward for rehabilitation purposes. Rehabilitation is described by Mosby (2006) as the restoration of a patient to normal or near normal function after a disabling disease or injury. Gibbon (1992) expands on this by defining rehabilitation as being concerned with the restoration of an individual’s social, physical and emotional function and their abilities to their prior level. However in Mrs Adams situation this was not a realistic aim. This holistic view of rehabilitation is also in agreement with Walsh (2002) who states that rehabilitation as re-enablement must have a therapeutic value for the person concerned, with the ultimate aim of maximising their social well being. This was evident in Mrs Adams case as by rehabilitating her independence was promoted. Upon admission to the ward the nursing intervention was to assess her needs and goals. The Roper-Logan-Tierney model of nursing practice was used to assess her needs. A model such as this is practised in a health care setting as living is a process in which we all undertake activities daily and it is necessary that health care professionals can assess and evaluate goals for patients in order to aid in the progression to a healthier life (Holland et al, 2004). Also this model is based on patient centred care which proves more beneficial to the patient as it prevents, alleviates and solves the problems the patient has encountered (Holland et al, 2004). The Roper-Logan-Tierney model consists of twelve activities of living. (See appendix 2). A falls assessment and a moving and handling assessment were also carried out. Following Mrs Adams needs assessment it was evident that the activities she needed assisting with was personal cleansing, dressing and most importantly mobilising. Her falls assessment and her moving and handling assessment proved that she not capable of maintaining a safe environment as she was at high risk of accidents. Theses assessments are vital to patient centred care the National Service Framework for Older People (NSF) (2001) is a key concept in the care of an older person. Upon admission Mrs Adams was referred to the physiotherapists. The multidisciplinary team worked closely together in Mrs Adams rehabilitation process. Involving her in her own care and the decision making process, this empowered Mrs Adams which is considered good practice (Thompson, 2004). Empowerment is defined as a process of helping people to assert control over the factors which affect their lives (Gibson, 1991). Also by involving a patient in the decision making process promotes their individuality (NSF 2001). By complying with these needs Alexander et al (2006) cited the work of Evans et al (1995) that a multidisciplinary team brings together separate but interlinked professional skills to improve Mrs Adams chance of attaining her goals. Mrs Adams had a combination of long and short term goals. Her short term goal was to improve her mobility hence promoting her independence this in turn would make personal cleansing and dressing easier. Her long term goal was to go home and reg ain her independence. Care plans were issued to help the multidisciplinary team; her strengths were focused on rather than her weaknesses (Davis et al (1999). This approach aided Mrs Adams progress as she was very determined to go home. Together Mrs Adams and the team identified her needs, clarified her goals and set targets also taking into account her base line of function; this is considered good practice by Walsh et al (1999) Activity of living: Mobilising independently As mentioned previously to aid the development of Mrs Adams mobilising she was referred to the physiotherapist. Also Mrs Adams was very determined and persistent to reach her previous ability to mobilise, her family were also very proactive in her care which Brummel-Smith (2003) states that patients whose families are active members in their rehabilitation are nearly 25% more likely to return home from the acute hospital Ryan (2004) states that being in control of movement coincides with pride, dignity and self esteem hence mobility problems relate to substantial psychological and emotional effects. This is confirmed again by Ryan (2004) that a minor reduction in mobility can have a negative impact on a person’s outlook and quality of life. Yet Mrs Adams was fully aware that the rehabilitation process was a slow and gradual process. It was also vital for the team to find a balance between helping Mrs Adams to do a certain task and allowing her to do the activity during her rehabilitation program was sometimes difficult as providing as providing too much assistance caused Mrs Adams to be disempowered along with doing too little may cause Mrs Adams to struggle unnecessarily. Thus it is important to carry out assessments and evaluation continuously. Analysis of Roper et al’s five factors, influencing activities of living include biological, psychological, sociocultural, environmental and politico economic are very important factors when mobilising a patient and will be taken into consideration. However the only factors that apply to Mrs Adams are biological and sociocultural. Biologically mobilisation of Mrs Adams was vital in order to reduce her risk of pressure sores and deep vein thrombosis, (SIGN, 2002). Committee of the Institute of Medicine Division of Health Care Services (1990), also supports that early mobilisation is key in promoting the biological health of the patient and reducing risks of deep vein thrombosis also Mrs Adams body posture affected her mobility as she has a bent spine due to kyphosis. Socioculturally Mrs Adams suffers from a worsening condition of congestive cardiac failure (CCF), PPM, high blood pressure, diverticulitis, angina, arthritis in her left knee which has caused an abnormality, heart failure, shortness of breath whilst eating. Upon admission Mrs Adams was transferred from bed to chair using the full hoist. However the use of a full hoist in Mrs Adams case was not beneficial as she had the potential to be mobile. Full hoists do not promote the independence of a person and causes muscle wastage (Smith, 2005). Hence it was in Mrs Adams best interest to mobilise without the use of the hoist in addition to this Mrs Adams did not feel comfortable transferring with the aid of a hoist as she stated she found it intimidating. Upon Mrs Adams admission a Waterlow was carried out. Carrying out this procedure is considered good practice as Laverty, Naylor and Soady (2004) states that patients with a risk of acquiring a pressure ulcer should be assessed either on admission to hospital or in the community when they first come into contact with the health care services. However, the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (2001) argue that risk assessment tool’s are to be used as only a guideline to support nurs e’s clinical judgement hence not to replace it. However Walsh (2002) deems that the Waterlow tool is only successful if used regularly, upon admission or when a patient condition changes. Following the physiotherapist assessment it was clear to the multi-disciplinary team that Mrs Adams had the potential without the aid of a full hoist. The physiotherapist worked with Mrs Adams twice daily and each session lasted forty five minutes. Within one week Mrs Adams was mobilising with the aid of a frame. This promoted her self esteem and her social function and through this assisted in her rehabilitation (Alexander, 2006 and Walsh, 2002). This also helped rehabilitate Mrs Adams by promoting her independence in this activity of living which is in accordance with the NMC (2004) as one should involve clients in their own care. Ryan (2004) states that being in control of movement coincides with pride, dignity and self esteem hence mobility problems relate to substantial psychological and emotional effects. Therefore by mobilising Mrs Adams the team promoted her psychological rehabilitation (Alexander, 2006) by reducing the risk of her acquiring a DVT (Committee of the Institute of Medicine Division of Health Care Services 1990). Throughout the rehabilitation process decision making was a continuous issues surrounding Mrs Adams treatment. Mrs Adams felt that she would be much happier to continue her therapy at home with her family. As a professional involved in her care, I felt that her decision would not benefit her progress as Elton and Valente (2003) cite the work of Anderson et al (2000) who found early discharge did not improve (or worsen) health or quality of life for patients at home. Mayo et al (2000) (as cited by Elton and Valente 2003) agrees with early discharge; provided that the appropriate home based rehabilitation was present. I felt that it would benefit Mrs Adams to finish her rehabilitation in hospital, as Mrs Adams finds it hard to cope with change. Right through Mrs Adams care, a nurse-patient relationship developed between Mrs Adams and I. This had an advantage as Mrs Adams had self belief and confidence in my decision making ability (Williams 2006) and agreed to continue his therapy in h ospital despite the concerns of her family while relying on my ability to engaging Mrs Adams to share the power and control of the decision made (Castledine 2005). Also evidence suggests that early rehabilitation in hospital will improve the patient’s outcome (DoH 2001). Activity of living: Personal cleansing and dressing. As mentioned in the appendix Mrs Adams was having difficulties coping with her personal cleansing and dressing. As Mrs Adams was very pro active regarding her care it gave the team a good insight into her daily life this insight was also reinforced by her family’s involvement. It was clear that Mrs Adams was very hygienic and proud of her appearance. Her lack of motivation for her personal hygiene could be due to her increasing lack of mobility or shortness of breath as this would inevitably make it difficult to stand for long periods of time. Roper et al (1996) states that old age is an major factor regarding personal cleansing and dressing as when we get older, even the most menial of tasks can be a struggle and can be emotionally damaging to a persons self esteem when an individuals ability is compromised. As Mrs Adams was more mobile at this stage of her rehabilitation process thus it was decided that a washing and dressing assessment was carried out this was done by the occupational therapists. The occupational therapists and the nursing team worked very closely for Mrs Adams to achieve optimal independence with his activities of living. Mrs Adams walked with the aid of her frame to the toilet then she was left in private to have a strip wash. Mrs Adams was advised to wash the areas of her body she had the ability to reach and to call for assistance for the areas she was unable to wash. Twigg (2000) believes that washing and dressing is a private activity where socially and culturally a person carries out ones own hygiene needs to there own ability and comfort. This considered good nursing practice by Dougherty et al (2004). The Department of Health (2001), states that it is of utmost importance to ensure that patient privacy and dignity in maintained. Research shows that there is evidence to prove that treating people with dignity and providing dignified care can have a positive effect on treatment, social outcomes and health and well-being (Tadd et al (2002). When Mrs Adams called for assistance the only area of which she was unable to reach was her back, assistance was given while assisting Mrs Adams care was taken not to reveal any part of her body that was not necessary to be exposed this was done to maintain privacy, dignity and body temperature. This is considered good nursing practice by Dougherty et al (2004). The Department of Health (2001), states that it is of utmost importance to ensure that patient privacy and dignity in maintained. Research shows that there is evidence to prove that treating people with dignity and providing dignified care can have a positive effect on treatment, social outcomes and health and well-being (Tadd et al, 2002). When the assessment commenced it was clear that the only factor affecting Mrs Adams washing and dressing technique was her decreased mobility, this is evident as when her mobility was restored her independence grew. Hence Mrs Adams felt more confident and thus was enabled to pursue her activities of living prior to her admission to the care of the elderly ward. At this stage Mrs Adams was ready for discharge, her mobility was regained and her cleansing and hygiene needs were restored. With the support of her family the team were confident that Mrs Adams could cope at home. Mrs Adams time spent in hospital was not a prolonged one. This was due to the fact the team empowered her and encouraged Mrs Adams to make her own choices about the care that she received. This is considered to be good practice as Walsh (2002) believes that good nursing care is the willingness to work with people to help them make informed choices for themselves. This compounded with the fact that she was given the option of verbal consent which is in accordance with the NMC (2004). Overall Mrs Adams rehabilitation process was a successful one the mulit-disciplinary team worked well together and successfully shared information gained through assessment which leads to a positive outcome for the patient (Nolan et al, 1996). The nursing team played a considerable role within Mrs Adams care in rehabilitating her. This involved maintaing physical well being of Mrs Adams, providing high quality of care such as prior to Mrs Adams mobilization the nursing staff positioned her to help prevent pressure ulcers occurring as immobility can result, there was also consistant bed side care. In conclusion Mrs Adams time on the ward was a successful one. Assessments were carried out which included the Roper-Logan-Tierney model of nursing of twelve activities of living in which two act ivies were concentrated upon. A holistic good was taken into account when considering five factors, biological, psychological, sociocultural, environmental and politico economic. I have gained good knowledge and realised that patient centred goal planning is the key to effective rehabilitation. By encouraging self autonomy and self efficacy helped to promote the patient to choose the best and possible treatment. I focused on this patient as I felt that this would have been an excellent opportunity to work and learn the essential skills that are required in the process of rehabilitation. It was such an achievement to know that Mrs Adams was able to return home to her family. I have gained may skills such as making nursing judgement of Mrs Adams progress which I was able to report back to the other team members, provided better patient care around her rehabilitation such as promoting independence. I feel that this was successful for both Mrs Adams and I. Reference list for reflection Alexander M., Faucett J., Runciman P., 2006 Nursing practice: Hospital and Home: The adult 3rd edition. Churchill Livingstone, London Brummel-Smith J, 2003 Guide to the handling of people 5th edition HTT manager service limited in sheilfing Castledine G 2005 Nurses must strengthen the nurse/patient relationship British journal of nursing 14 (1); 55 Committee of the Institute of Medicine Division of Health Care Services 1990 http://www8.nationalacademies.org/cp/default.aspx Davis S, O’Connor 1999 Rehabilitation nursing foundations for practice. Baillierre Trindal, London Department of Health., 2001 National service framework for older people. DoH, London Dougherty L., Lister S., 2004 Manual of clinical nursing procedures 6th edition. Blackwell Science, London. Gibbon B., 1992 The patient in need of rehabilitation In: Alexender M,. Faucett J., Runciman P., (eds) Nursing practice: Hospital and Home: the adult 3rd edition. Churchill Livingstone, London pg 1117 Gibson., 1991 A concept Analysis of Empowerment. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 16:354-61 Holland K, Jenkins J, T Soloman, Whittau J 2004 The Nursing model in practice, 4th edition. Churchill Livingstone, London Mosby 2006 Mosby’s dictionary of medicine, nursing and health professions 6th edition. Mosby Elsevier, Missouri. National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) 2001 Inherited clinical guidance: pressure ulcer risk assessment and prevention. NICE, London Nursing and Midwifery Council 2004 The NMC code of professional conduct: standards for conduct, performance and ethics NMC London. Tadd W., Bayer A., 2002 Dignity in health care: reality or rhetoric, reviews in clinical gerontology. 12 (4) 1-4 Thompson N. 2006 Anti-discriminatory practice 4th edition. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke. Walsh M., 2003 Watson’s clinical nursing and related sciences 6th edition. Bailliere Tindall, London Walsh K, Roberts J, Bennett G, 1999 Health carre for elderly; mobility in lod age [online] British Nursing Index 16 (2): 69-74. Avaible from www.bri.com [27.01.2007] Willams J 2005 Advances in prevention and treatment of stroke and TIA Nursing Times 101 (14) 30-32. Roper N, Logan W, Tierney A, The elements of nursing: A model for nursing based on a model of living. 4th edition Churchill Livingstone London. Ryan J, Berry J, Lang AF, Kneafsey R, 2002 The role of nurses in the multi professional rehabilitation general advice or nurses. 37 (1):70-78 Triggs G, 2005, Fundamentals of nursing essence of care, Oxtoby, London Appendix Mrs Eileen Adams is 93 year old lady. She lives alone in a semi detached bungalow. Her main carers are her son and his wife, whom live in a caravan in the garden and are very supportive. She also has two daughters, one visit’s on Thursdays and the other on Tuesdays. Two weeks prior to Mrs Adams admission she was able to carry out all of her activities s of daily living independently. At home Mrs Adams mobilises with a frame, she has a commode by her bed and uses a raiser/recliner chair. Mrs Adams also has a stair lift in situ. She has a wheelchair for when she goes outside. Her family maintains that she needs a lot of help with cooking and cleaning and believe that her ability to cope with her own personal hygiene has declined. However Mrs Adams suffered a fall in her home. Upon admission to the ward she was for all care and was transferred from bed to chair with the aid of a full hoist. Mrs Adams suffers from a worsening condition of congestive cardiac failure (CCF), PPM, hi gh blood pressure, diverticulitis, angina, arthritis in her left knee which has caused an abnormality, heart failure, shortness of breath whilst eating and she also has a kyphotictt back of which causes her lean forward in a bent position of her spine this has resulted in an altered sense of gravity. Mrs Adams has no past history of smoking and no known drug allergies. While in hospital the medication she received was, Perindoril 2mg (po) this drug is used for heart failure and hypertension (BNF 2002), Lansoprazole 15 mg (po) this drug inhibits gastric acid by blocking the hydrogen-potassium adenosine triphosphatase enzyme system of the gastric parietal cell (BNF 2002), Asprin 75 mg (po) this is used for mild to moderate pain or the prevention of an MI (BNF), Clexane 20 mg subcationuasaly this injection is important for anticoagulation (BNF2002). Her family are concerned that when their mother is discharged from hospital that she will not cope and they believe that she should recei ve 24 hour care. Throughout this care study, I have gained my patients consent before any treatment of care commenced, I will remain confidential at all times regarding the patients name (0f which has been altered) and condition. Cooperate as a team member by exchanging information to other professionals when necessary and maintaining my professional knowledge and compliance at all time (Code of Professional Conduct NMC 2004) British Medical Association 2005, British National Formulary London, BMJ Publishing Group pp. Nursing and Midwifery Council 2004 The NMC code of professional conduct: standards for conduct, performance and ethics NMC London. Research Papers on Analyze and Evaluate a patient with a mobility problem in relation to the rehabilitation processArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Three Concepts of PsychodynamicIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalResearch Process Part OneThe Project Managment Office SystemThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesGenetic EngineeringMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductThe Fifth Horseman

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Consumer Behaviour Towards Milk Products

Consumer Behaviour Towards Milk Products Consumer behavior is the study of when, why, how, and where people do or do not buy products. It blends elements from psychology, sociology, social anthropology and economics. It attempts to understand the buyer decision making process, both individually and in groups. It studies characteristics of individual consumers such as demographics and behavioral variables in an attempt to understand peoples wants. It also tries to assess influences on the consumer from groups such as family, friends, reference groups, and society in general. Consumer behavior is influenced by: demographics, psychographics (lifestyle), personality, perceptions, motivation, knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and feelings. Consumer behavior concern with consumer need consumer actions in the direction of satisfying needs leads to his behavior of every individual depend on thinking process. Consumers with similar incomes and socio-demographic characteristic, facing similar relative prices, and equipped with similar information, tend to choose similar baskets of goods ( Connor, 1991). There is much research on dairy products that show that socio-economic factors and consumers demographic factors have a major impact on their consumption of dairy products (e.g. Bogue and Ritson, 2006; Armstrong et al., 2005; Valli and Traill, 2005; Tendero and Bernabeu, 2005; Vermeir and Verbeke, 2006; Viaene and Gellynck, 1997; Kotler, 1997). In addition, cultural diversity may have an important influence on consumption (Valli and Traill, 2005). There are large differences in the quality of life indicators between urban and rural areas (Sengul and Sengul, 2006). Also there are differences among the urban and rural populations in terms of their socio-economic and demographic characteristics. Customer behavior study is based on consumer buying behavior, with the customer playing the three distinct roles of user, payer and buyer. Relationship marketing is an influential asset for customer behavior analysis as it has a keen interest in the re-discovery of the true meaning of marketing through the re-affirmation of the importance of the customer or buyer. A greater importance is also placed on consumer retention, customer relationship management, personalization, customization and one-to-one marketing. Social functions can be categorized into social choice and welfare functions. The idea that customers prefer one product or one service over another is not new. The ability to identify and measure the elements of such preference decisions with any accuracy and reliability has only recently become available. Research into this area of consumer behavior has brought understanding to some of the major issues with standard customer satisfaction research. Most importantly, we have come to realize that high customer satisfaction does not assure continued customer preference. CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR CULTURAL FACTORS: Culture Sub-Culture Social Class SOCIAL FACTORS: Reference Group Family Role and Status PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS: Motivation Perception Learning Attitudes Beliefs PERSONAL FACTORS: Age and Life-Cycle Occupation Economic Situation Lifestyle Personality Figure 1.2 Factors affecting Consumer Behavior Consumer behavior is defined ad the mental and emotional process along with the physical activities of the people who purchase/consume goods and services to satisfy their particular needs and wants. Consumer is the most important person to the marketer because the marketer takes in to consideration on the liking and disliking of the consumer and he produces the goods and services accordingly. Consumer behavior is important for the three persons. For consumer: As a consumer most of the time will spend time in the market and a lot on decision making that what to buy and how to buy and meeting and conferencing with different types of peoples and friends with different types of good and services. For producer: Consumer behavior is also important for producer because producer design and manufacture different types of product and services keeping in view the wants and needs of consumer. For scientist: The knowledge of consumer behavior is also important for scientists, whether the scientist is working for profitable organization or non profitable organization. One of the advantages of consumer behavior can be seen when looking at advertisers and how they advertise by keeping the consumers in mind. Advertisers spend a lot of money to keep individuals and groups of individuals (markets) interested in their products. To succeed, they need to understand what makes potential customers behave the way they do. The advertisers goal is to get enough relevant market data to develop accurate profiles of buyers that is basically to find the common ground and symbols for communication. This involves the study of consumer behavior, the mental and emotional process and the physical activities of the people who purchase and use goods and services to satisfy particular needs and wants. Along side the behavior of organizational buyers (the people who purchase the products and services for use in business and government). The primary mission of advertising is to reach prospective customers and influence their awareness, attitudes and buying behavior. This can be done successfully only through knowing the consumer preferences, behavior towards various stimuli i.e. consumer behavior. 1.2 CONSUMER PERCEPTIONS, ATTITUDES AND MOTIVES TOWARDS MILK PRODUCT 1.2.1 Consumer Perceptions As a consumer, decision making is a very important factor as good decision making will see the Prosper but poor decision making could cost it a lot. In the fact, consumer perceptions influence all the decision of consumer. Perception is a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment. The perception is important in the study of consumer behavior because people or consumer behavior is based on their perception of what reality is, not on reality itself. A number of factors operate to shape and sometimes distort perception. These factors can reside in the perceiver, in the object or target being perceived, or in the context of the situation in which the perception is made. Factor in the perceiver: Attitudes Motives Interests Experience Expectations Factor in the situation: Time Work setting Social setting Factors in the target: Novelty Motion Sounds Size Background Proximity Similarity PERCEPTIONS Figure 1.3 Factors that influence perceptions. Perceptions and Individual Decision Making, Organization Behavior (Fifth Edition) When an individual looks at a target and attempts to interpret what he or she sees, that interpretation is heavily influenced by the personal characteristic of the individual perceiver. Personal characteristic that affect perception include a persons attitudes, personality, motives, interests past experiences and expectations. Characteristic of the target being observed can affect what is perceived. Loud people are more likely to be noticed in a group than the quiet ones. For example of the milk product is the milk product with more benefit and promotion are more likely to be noticed in consumer mind than the low promotions. So, too, are extremely attractive or unattractive individuals. Because targets are not looked at in isolation, the relationship of a target to its background also influences perceptions. Based on study by Grunert et al. (2000) mentioned that consumer perception of dairy product quality was characterized by four major dimensions, hedonic, health-related, convenience related and process related. The information of the product itself rather than the physiological properties of the product influenced consumer acceptance of dairy product. Watanabe et al. (1997) classified consumer characteristics of milk consumption and indicated that men, middle-aged people, and people with no calcium concerns preferred soda and alcoholic beverages. People with relatively stronger health concerns consumed more milk products. Hsu and Kao (2001) evaluated product attributes and demographic factors that influenced purchases of fluid milk products in Taiwan using consumer survey data. Their result revealed that larger households purchases more fluid milk products. Households with higher income and household shoppers with higher educational levels tended to reduce purchases of flavoured milk products. 1.2.2 Consumer Attitudes As a consumer, each of us has a vast number of attitudes towards products, services, advertisements, direct mail, the internet, and retail stores. Within the context of consumer behavior, an appreciation of prevailing attitudes has considerable strategic merit. To get at the heart of what is driving consumers behavior; attitude research has been used to study a wide range of strategic marketing questions. For example, attitude research is frequently undertaken to determine whether consumers will accept a proposed new-product idea, to gauge why a firms target audience has not reacted more favorably to its new promotional theme, or to learn how target customers are likely to react to a proposed change in the firms packaging design. 1.2.1.1 The Attitude-Toward-Object Model The attitude towards object model is especially suitable for measuring attitudes towards a product or service category or specific brands. According to this model, the consumers attitude toward a product or specific brands of a product is a function of the presence and evaluation of certain product-specific beliefs and attributes. In other words, consumers generally have favorable attitudes towards those brands that they believe have an adequate level of attributes that they evaluate as positive, and they have unfavorable attitudes towards those brands they feel do not have an adequate level of desired attributes or have too many negative or undesired attributes. Conducting consumer attitude research with children, especially gauging their attitudes towards products and brands is an ongoing challenge. What are needed are new and effective measurement approaches that allow children to express their attitudes toward brands. 1.2.1.2 The Attitudes-Toward-Behavior Model The attitude toward behavior model is the individuals attitude toward behaving or acting with respect to an object rather than the attitude toward the object itself. The appeal of the attitude toward behavior model is that it seems to correspond somewhat more closely to actual behavior than does the attitude toward object model. 1.2.1.3 Theory of Reasoned Action Model The theory of reasoned action represents a comprehensive integration of the attitude components which is the consumer in this case, that ultimately are the building blocks of preference on multinational milk brand. The model is designed to provide a better understanding of how consumer preference is formed and, correspondingly, to provide the means to accurately predict consumer preference behavior. Figure 1.3 provides an overview of customer preference formation from the theory of reasoned action point of view. In order to understand preference it is need to determine the functional or performance demands involved in the purchase, the desired emotive outcomes, and the subjective norms consumers use to determine their desire for one milk product or brand over another. The primary assumption of the model is that individuals make considered purchases. In some cases the consideration may be minimal and the purchase behavior almost habitual. In another the period of consideration (incubation) may be extensive and each element of the consideration process carefully examined. Belief that the behavior leads to certain outcomes Attitude toward The behavior Evaluation of the Outcomes Preference Behavior Intention to buy milk Beliefs that specific referents think I should or should not perform the behavior Subjective comparison norm Motivation to comply with the specific referents Figure 1.3 Basic Structural Model of Customer Preference Formation Source: Adapted from Icek Ajzen and Martin Fishbein, Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behavior (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1980), 84. The important contribution of the reasoned action model is the realization that consumers utilize the model in all purchase experiences of milk to a lesser or greater extent. Of equal importance is the realization that the components used to make a preference decision are also the ones employed by a consumer to evaluate the performance success of the milk product or service purchased and the company responsible for them. Therefore, as the components of preference on milk brand change, the elements influencing satisfaction change accordingly. The relationship is dynamic and fluid therefore static or predetermined satisfaction analytic packages often miss the most important elements of preference and can create a false sense of security on the part of companies who think that since their customer satisfaction scores are high they must in turn have relatively loyal customers. The theory of reasoned action assumes a consequence for the action taken. People prefer some product, someone, or some service because they determined the object was best aligned with companys performance and emotive requirements as judged through our comparative norms. People evaluate the performance in light of how well the product, person or service meets their preference expectations. (www.icrsurvey.com//Customer%20Preference%20Formation_1205.doc) 1.2.3 Consumer Motivation Motivation is one of the important factors that can influence the consumer behavior. Motivation is the processes that account for an individuals intensity, direction and persistence of effort towards attaining a goal. The famous theory in the development of motivation concepts is the Abraham Maslows hierarchy of needs. HIRARCHY OF NEEDS THEORY It is probably safe to say that the most well-known theory of motivation is Abraham Maslows hierarchy of needs. The hypothesized that within every human being there exists a hierarchy of five needs. These needs are: Physiological: includes hunger, thirst, shelter, sex and other bodily needs. Safety: includes security and protection from physical and emotional harm. Social: includes affection, belongingness, acceptance and friendship. Esteem: includes internal esteem factors such as self-respect, autonomy and achievement and external esteem factors such as status, recognition and attention. Self- actualization: the drive to become what one is capable of becoming: includes growth, achieving ones potential and self-fulfillment. Need 3: Social Need Need 1: Physiological Need Need 2: Safety Need Need 4: Esteem Need Need 5: Self Actualization Figure 1.2.3 Maslow Hierarchy of Needs Model As each of these needs becomes substantially satisfied, the next need becomes dominant. In terms of the figure 1.2.3, the individual moves up the steps of the hierarchy. From the standpoint of motivation, the theory would say that although no need is ever fully gratified, a substantially satisfied need no longer motivates. So, if the consumer wants to motivate someone, according to Maslow, the consumer need to understand what level of the hierarchy that consumer is currently on and focus on satisfying the needs at or above that level. While customers have different motivations for consuming the things they do, all consumers have motivations that guide them to want, and purchase certain goods or services. Some motivations for consumption could include the need for status, social acceptance, security or individuality while other motivations are unconscious and can be utilized by marketers to hook consumers into buying a product they never knew they always wanted. Beyond more emotional appeals there is the very real and tangible model of needs proposed by Abraham Maslow in his Hierarchy of Needs pyramid. Maslows theory indicates that most consumer motivations can be attributed to where they fall on the pyramid of needs he developed. The lower level on Maslows pyramid begins with basic physiological needs (dinking fluids, eating, sleeping, etc.), and climbs all the way to the highest level on the pyramid to the need for beauty (as cited in Lindquist Sirgy, 2003, p. 250-251). Maslow believed that a person moved through each level of need sequentially. In other words, once the needs in one category were met completely, a person would move up to the next most immediate category, and his or her purchasing motivations would change as a result of the new category to which he or she would become a part of (as cited in Lindquist Sirgy, 2003, p. 250-251). Maslow separated the five needs into higher and lower orders. Physiological and safety needs were described as lower order needs and social, esteem and self-actualization as higher-order needs. The differentiation between the two orders was made on the premise that higher-order needs are satisfied internally (within the person), whereas lower-order needs are predominantly satisfied externally (by things such as pay, union contracts and tenure). Unfulfilled Needs, Wants, and Desires Tension Learning Drive Behavior Goal or Need Fulfillment Cognitive Processes Tension Reduction Figure 1.4 Model of Motivation Process Source: From Jeffrey F. Dugree et al. Observations: Translating Values into Product Wants, Journal of Advertising Research, 36, 6, (November 1996) The figure above is presents a model of the motivational process. It portrays motivation as a state of need-induced tension that drives the individual to engage in behavior that he or she believes will satisfy the need and thus reduce the tension. Whether gratification is actually achieved depends on the course of action pursued. The specific goals that consumers wish to achieve and the source of action they take to attain these goals are selected on the basis of their thinking processes (cognition) and previous learning. Therefore, marketers must view motivation as the force that induces consumption and through consumption experiences, the process of consumer learning. 1.3 RESEARCH PROPOSAL 1.3.1 The Factors Affecting Consumer Behavior towards Milk Product Consumer purchases are strongly influenced by cultural, social, personal and psychological characteristics. It is difficult for marketers to control such as factors but they should take these into account because it does provide marketers with a guideline. 1.3.1.1 Cultural Factors Cultural factors have a significant impact on customer behavior: 1. Culture Culture is the most basic cause of a persons wants and behavior. Growing up, children learn basic values, perception and wants from the family and other important groups. Marketing are always trying to spot cultural shifts which might point to new products that might be wanted by customers or to increased demand. For example, among this particular family was believed that fresh milk has the highest nutritious value among all types of milk and fitness has created opportunities (and now industries) servicing customers who wish to buy: Low calorie foods Health club membership Exercise equipment Activity or health-related holiday etc 2. Subculture Each culture contains sub-cultures groups of people with share values. Sub-cultures can include nationalities, religions, racial groups, or groups of people sharing the same geographical location. Sometimes a sub-culture will create a substantial and distinctive market segment of its own. For example, people from one country only accept one flavor of milk, it is plain milk. So the people will only buy plain milk and do not want to choose other milk flavor. 3. Social class These are relatively permanent and ordered divisions in a society whose members share similar values, interests and behaviors. For example, high class people who really very concern about their health especially their body shape will only buy low fat milk instead of other types of milk. Cultural factors exert a broad and deep influence on consumer behavior. The marketer needs to understand the role played by the buyers culture, subculture and social class. http://tutor2u.net/business/marketing/buying_cultural_factors.asp 1.3.1.2 Social Factors A consumers behavior is also influenced by social factors, such as the consumers small groups, family, and social roles and status. Because these social factors can strongly affect consumer responses, companies must take them into account when designing their marketing strategies. 1. Reference Groups Groups are a persons behavior is influenced by many small groups. Groups which have a direct influence and to which a person belongs are called membership groups. References groups are groups that serve as direct or indirect points of comparison or reference in the forming of a persons attitudes or behavior. Marketers try to identify the reference groups of their target markets. The importance of group influence varies across products and brands, but it tends to be strongest for conspicuous purchases. For example, an individual may choose a selected milk brand based on their group reference. References by the group can also known as mouth to mouth advertising. The reference group may validate the experience faced by the customer. 2. Family Family family members can strongly influence buyer behavior. We can distinguish between two families in the buyers life. The buyers parents make up the family of orientation. From parents a person acquires an orientation toward religion, politics, and economics and a sense of personal ambition, self-worth, and love. The family of procreation-the buyers spouse and children-exerts a more direct influence on everyday buying behavior. The family is the most important consumer buying organization in society, and it has been researched extensively. Marketers are interested in the roles and relative influence of the husband, wife, and children on the purchase of a large variety of products and services. Consumers are also affected and influenced by the presence of a family member. For example, the parents normally decide what milk product they want to purchase but the children can decide what the flavor is. 3. Role and status Roles and Status a person belongs to many groups-families, clubs, organizations. The persons position in each group can be defined in terms of both role and status. Role consists of the activities people are expected to perform according to the people around them. Status reflects the general respects given to role by the society. People often choose products that show their status in the society. Apart from that, consumers are also affected by their role they play and the status they hold in the society. For example, a general managers role and status will definitely differ from the role and status of a clerk. Bearing this in mind, the needs of customers also change. 1.3.1.3 Personal Factors A buyers decisions are also influenced by personal characteristics such as the buyers age and life-cycle stage, occupation, economic situation, life style, and personality and self-concept. These factors are divided into: 1. Age and life cycle Age and Life-Cycle State people change the goods and services they buy over their lifetimes. The types of milk people buy change during their lifetimes. As people grow older and mature, their desires change. The make up of family cycle also change their behavior. For example, when one person was a kid, he always drinks chocolate milk. But as he grows older, his preference in chocolate milk change becomes low fat plain milk or yogurt. Marketers often define their target markets in terms of life-cycle stage and develop appropriate products and marketing plans. 2. Occupation Occupation a persons occupation affects the goods and services bought. Marketers try to identify the occupational groups that have an above-average interest in their products and services. A company can even specialize in making products needed by a given occupational group. For instance, blue collar workers would buy cheaper milk brand whereas executives will prefer to buy more expensive brand. 3. Economic Situation Economic Situation a persons economic situation will greatly affect product choice. A person with higher purchasing power will be more willing to spend on famous cheese whereby, someone with middle income will choose local cheese, which offer better values. Marketers of income-sensitive goods closely watch trends in personal income, savings, and interest rates. If economic indicators point to a recession, marketers can take steps to redesign, reposition, and re-price their products. 4. Lifestyle Life Style people coming from the same subculture, social class, and even occupation may have quite different life styles. Life style is a persons pattern of living as expressed in his or her activities, interests, and opinions. Life style captures something more than the persons social class or personality. The life-style concept, when used carefully, can help the marketer gain an understanding of changing consumer values and how they affect buying behavior. People who always consume and wear branded stuff might always want to consume only famous milk brand comparing to people who consume milk despite their famous brand. 5. Personality and self concepts (self-image) Personality and Self-Concept each persons distinct personality will influence his or her buying behavior. Personality refers to the unique psychological characteristics that lead to relatively consistent and lasting responses to ones own environment. Many marketers use a concept related to personality-a persons self-concept. 1.3.1.4 Psychological Factors A persons buying choices are also influenced by four major psychological factors motivation, perception, learning, and beliefs and attitudes. Motivation Motivation a person has many needs at any given time. A need becomes a motive when it aroused to a sufficient lever of intensity. A motive is a need that is sufficiently pressing to direct the person to seek satisfaction. Motivation is based on Maslows hierarchy of Needs. According to Maslow, a person tries to satisfy the most important need first, which is known as the survival needs or the psychological needs. When the important need is satisfied, it ceases to act as a motivator and the person will subsequently try to satisfy the next important need, known as safety needs. Base on Maslow theory, it is stated that a person should meet their basic and physiological needs like food, shelter, and clothes. It can be applied to milk as well whereby a person with low income will think how to eat food which can fulfill their body need such as rice before they consume milk which is nutritious but can not satisfy their hunger. Perception Perception a motivated person is ready to act. How the person acts is influenced by his or her perception of the situation. Two people with the same motivation and in the same situation may act quite differently because they perceive the situation differently. Perception is the process by which people select, organize, and interpret information to form a meaningful picture of the world. Learning when people act, they learn. Learning Learning is the reinforcement process, which an individual gained through the experiences. The practical significance of learning theory of marketers is that they can build demand for a product by associating it with strong drives, using motivating cues, and to the same drives as competitors and providing similar cues because buyers are more likely to transfer loyalty to similar brands then to dissimilar ones. Or it may design its brand to appeal to a different set of drives and offer strong cue inducements to switch (discrimination). Belief and Attitudes Beliefs and Attitudes through acting and learning, people acquire their beliefs and attitudes. These in turn influence their buying behavior. A belief is a descriptive thought that a person has about something. Marketers are interested in the beliefs that people formulate about specific products and services. If some of the beliefs are wrong and prevent purchase, the marketer will want to launch a campaign to correct them. People have attitudes regarding religion, politics, clothes, music, food, and almost everything else. An attitude describes a persons relatively consistent evaluations, feelings, and tendencies toward an object or idea. Attitudes put people into a frame of mind of liking or disliking things, moving toward or away from them. Based on study (Morrison, 2002) attitude describes a persons relatively consistent evaluations consistent evaluations, feelings and tendencies toward and object or an idea. (Morrison, Alastair M, Ph.D., Hospitality and Travel Marketing, 3rd Edition, Thompson Learning, United States) SUMMARY Markets must be understood before marketing strategies can be developed. The consumer market buys goods and services for personal consumption. Consumers vary tremendously in age, income, education, tastes and other factors. Marketers must understand how consumers transform marketing and other inputs into buying responses. Consumer behavior is influenced by the buyers characteristics and by the buyers decision process. Buyer characteristics include four major factors: cultural, social, personal, and psychological. A persons buying behavior is the result of the complex interplay of all these cultural, social, personal, and psychological factors. Many of these factors cannot be controlled by marketers, but they are useful in identifying and understanding the consumers that marketers are trying to influence.

What is Feminism Essay examples -- Social Issues, Womens Right

Introduction This essay aims to critically evaluate feminist arguments against the present social system of science. It begins with defining feminism and different waves which happened in the history of feminism. It then moves on to introduce different approaches in feminism. The arguments will be critically evaluated and the essay will be finished by a conclusion. What is feminism? Feminism can be described as movements which aimed at defending and establishing and providing equal social, political and economical right for women as well as equal opportunities for them (Butler, 1993). Because some people argue the gender as a social construction which can harm all people, thus, feminism look for liberate men as well as women (Butler, 1993). A person who practices feminism who can be either a man or a woman is called a ‘Feminist’. The history of western modern feminist movements can be divided into three â€Å"waves† (Humm, 1992). First-wave feminism looked for changes in marriage relationships, equality in property rights and eventually in women’s right to vote or women’s suffrage (W...

Flipped Classroom Essay

A flipped classroom turn upside down is a personalized and interaction time of the whole class. Teachers and students should be engaged along the process. Modifications are always a way of improving and making it a better learning environment for all. Ask Yourself: How to do you prepare to flip your class? After reading contexts, watching web broadcasts and taking an overview of lessons. Educators can start by eliminating long lectures of instructions, wasteful worksheets and journals. We can replace them with the use of iteration, partnering and sharing and practice. Let’s take a look at iteration: Remember writing the Anticipatory Set on the board and getting students to answer. Well remember time wasn’t one your side to get all feedback from your students: To get the attention of your audience, well through iteration, you can text, post short videos, or FB the Goal and send it to all the students in class. After this, you would normally put The Do Now assignment on a SmartBoard or on the overhead projector. Well the partnering stage fits in when you allow the feedback from your students’ response. They also get to see other student comments while they are posting. This is a form of blogging. You can also suggest picture uploading on the assignment or sharing a short you-tube video that restates the topic and other suggestions. Hey did I mention during this time they are sharing information and partnering while they are browsing other comments or suggestions from their peers. Flipped classrooms are not just the using of technology. We are cutting down the time of elaborating of boring teacher lectures, eye contact, reading boring books that the teacher handpicked for the classroom. The Pros about flipped classrooms. 1. The students are taking responsibility for their own learning through collaboration with their own peers. If you are allow the public to view, your class is learning from others who either implemented the lesson and can get a whole perspective from others around the world. 2. The teacher gets instant responses on creation of lessons. This allows others to either give constructive criticism or modified ways on lesson taught. Again feedback is a way on improving the lesson and including different styles on new platforms or applications. 3. Absenteeism, Not a problem for the students at home. They can easily join in at the time allowed for the postings. Remember, it is not a 45 minute class to them at home. They have time to catch up on discussions and also give their feedback without missing the assignment. Remember in the students’ frame of mind, NO CHILD LEFT BEHIND! Finally, Dates and postings are always there for clarity. The content is permanent and archived for review or remediation. Remember you eliminate the need for â€Å"What did you say? † or â€Å"I don’t remember that you said it†. This is the future a place where all your students are learning at their pace.

Free Essays on Marketing Mix Paper

Marketing Mix Paper According to the textbook Contemporary Marketing Wired (1998) by J. Boone and S. Kurtz, the concept of marketing is defined as follows; â€Å" Marketing is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion, and distribution of ideas, goods, services, organizations, and events to create and maintain relationships that will satisfy individual and organizational objectives." To bring this conceptual goal to fruition marketers have essentially four variables to use when crafting marketing strategies and writing a marketing plan. They are price, promotion, product and distribution (also called placement). They are sometimes referred to as the 4P's and all marketing decisions generally fall into one of the four controllable categories. The term â€Å"marketing mix† or 4 P’s, became popular in 1964 by Neil H. Borden whose original marketing ingredients included product planning, pricing, branding, distribution channels, personal selling, advertising, promotions, packaging, display, servicing, physical handling, and fact finding analysis.(1964). This was later grouped into the four categories previously mentioned. The marketing mix is the parameters that the marketer or marketing manager can control (subject to the external and internal constraints of the marketing environment at large). The marketers goal is to always make decisions that focus each of the 4 P’s on the consumers in the target market in order to generate perceived value and create a favorable customer response. The term â€Å"product† in the marketing mix alludes to not only tangible physical products but services as well. Product decisions are also encompassed in this category and include: brand name, functionality, quality, styling, safety, packaging, warranty, repairs and support, and accessories and services. The term â€Å"price† in the 4 P’s refers too much more than assigning a single cost to a produc... Free Essays on Marketing Mix Paper Free Essays on Marketing Mix Paper Marketing Mix Paper According to the textbook Contemporary Marketing Wired (1998) by J. Boone and S. Kurtz, the concept of marketing is defined as follows; â€Å" Marketing is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion, and distribution of ideas, goods, services, organizations, and events to create and maintain relationships that will satisfy individual and organizational objectives." To bring this conceptual goal to fruition marketers have essentially four variables to use when crafting marketing strategies and writing a marketing plan. They are price, promotion, product and distribution (also called placement). They are sometimes referred to as the 4P's and all marketing decisions generally fall into one of the four controllable categories. The term â€Å"marketing mix† or 4 P’s, became popular in 1964 by Neil H. Borden whose original marketing ingredients included product planning, pricing, branding, distribution channels, personal selling, advertising, promotions, packaging, display, servicing, physical handling, and fact finding analysis.(1964). This was later grouped into the four categories previously mentioned. The marketing mix is the parameters that the marketer or marketing manager can control (subject to the external and internal constraints of the marketing environment at large). The marketers goal is to always make decisions that focus each of the 4 P’s on the consumers in the target market in order to generate perceived value and create a favorable customer response. The term â€Å"product† in the marketing mix alludes to not only tangible physical products but services as well. Product decisions are also encompassed in this category and include: brand name, functionality, quality, styling, safety, packaging, warranty, repairs and support, and accessories and services. The term â€Å"price† in the 4 P’s refers too much more than assigning a single cost to a produc...

Has Nationalism been a unifying or divisive force during the 19th and 20th centuries

Has Nationalism been a unifying or divisive force during the 19th and 20th centuries The concept of nationalism was first associated with the French Revolution and Napoleon, who contributed a lot to its spread all over Europe. During the late 19th century, nationalism became very popular with urban societies and as its popularity increased, people began to shift their allegiance from monarchy to a country.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Has Nationalism been a unifying or divisive force during the 19th and 20th centuries? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More People began putting national interests above all other considerations driven by the perception that nationalism gave them the sense of power and belonging, and also provided them with a connection to the state, which had been disrupted during the industrial revolution. However, as the concept of nationalism emerged, it emerged that there were two forms of nationalism, one form aimed at extending the scale of human social, political and cultural unit s and unify individuals while the other form was exclusionary and divisive. This essay shall examine the concept of nationalism as applied in the 18th and 19th century with the hope of the hope of establishing whether it helped cause divisiveness or unity among people. European colonialism generated two opposing sociopolitical movements. On one hand, the colonial rulers encouraged the existing tribal-ethnic and religious divisions in the society through a policy of devide et impera while on the other hand, their colonial methods unwittingly gave rise to anti-colonial nationalism movements. It can therefore be said that colonial rule gave rise to the two forces of unifying nationalism and divisive tribalism and that the appropriate and legitimate framework for decolonization was nationalism, which emanated from the foreign idea of the nation-state. Among the numerous factors responsible for sparking of the First and the Second World Wars was nationalism. During the period before and during the two wars, nationalism became a dangerous tool as it was exploited to trigger wars and conflicts between states and nations. Nationalists, in many instances, used the nationalism belief of putting country before anything else to encourage citizens to get involved in wars that placed individuals of different nationalities against each other. The divisive force of nationalism was also observed during the Cold War when the USSR and the US indirectly engaged each other in contests. The Cold War was triggered by the existence of forces which were responsible for sparking off the two world wars. These tensions, in addition to the Russian and American nationalism forces made it possible for leaders of both nations to win public support for their foreign policies that fuelled the Cold War.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More During the Cold War, the Truman administration used Am erican nationalism as a major tool to convince an overwhelming majority of US citizens that the Soviet Union was no more than an expansionist force bent on world contest, much as Nazi Germany had been. With this in mind, man Americans supported any efforts by their government that supported the US’ agenda for the Cold War. Nationalism also paid an important role during the Revolutionary Europe period. During this period, nationalism was inherently divisive in its political ramifications. Most European countries consisted of a patchwork of different ethnic, linguistic and religious communities, a product of centuries of migration, war and dynastic alliances. Nationalism was responsible for stabilizing each of the European states based on a single national community. This in turn triggered competition for resources and living space between the different nationalities leading to the emergence of several wars. In conclusion, nationalism has been applied in different contexts to a chieve different results. This essay has shown how nationalists used nationalism to both unify and divide their citizens. It can therefore be said that nationalism resulted in both unity and divisiveness during the 18th and 19th centuries.

Housing economics (Housing Studies) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words - 1

Housing economics (Housing Studies) - Essay Example There is no government intervention in this economy (Grant & Vidler, 2000, p. 19). The free market system consists of four main categories of actors. They are â€Å"consumers, producers, owners of private property (land and capital) and government† (Economics, 1977). Each actor in the pure market economy is motivated their own self-interest and they take every decision based on their private gain. In this context we make an assumption of rationality. It is a very important assumption that considers that the market actors are rational in the sense that they are both consistent and transitive in the choices that they make. If a person chooses a basket of commodities ‘X’ over a basket of commodities ‘Y’ at a particular point of time, she would choose the same basket of commodities an instant later provided that there are not any alterations made in the baskets. Secondly, if a person chooses ‘X’ over ‘Y’ and ‘Y’ over ‘Z’, he would prefer ‘X’ over ‘Z’. It is a lso to be noted that a rational individual would want more of a normal good (increases consumption of which gives increased utility) than less of it. In the free market economy, any stability issue is resolved without external intervention and it is made possible through â€Å"consistent maximization of a well-ordered function, such as a utility or profit function† (Etzioni, 2010, p. 142) by the two main forces of the market; the consumers and the producers. According to the famous proposition by Adam Smith, an invisible hand works in the free market economy. The housing system in the United Kingdom is a large and complex system and includes a range of relationships between the owners and occupiers of the homes. The houses might e occupied by the owners or might involve various rental tenures in the private sector including the â€Å"not-for profit and local authority sectors† (Diacon, Pattison & Vine, 2009, p. 6). This market consists of millions of existing